Reviewing Arguements Whether Scientific Management

The topic I have chosen for my essay assignment would be option 1 which is reviewing the arguments for and against the statement whether scientific management creates efficient organizations. In the world of today, it has been known that scientific management developed over the years and is applied in the everyday work life. Frederick Winslow Taylor is the person who discovered scientific management, also known as ‘Taylorism’.It is a theory about management that analyses and synthesize the workflow of a work place but the main objective is to improve the efficiency of the economy, especially in labour productivity based on five principles as described by Buchanan(2010, pg 423). The first principle of Taylorism is to have ‘A clear division of tasks and responsibilities between management and workers’ whereby the author Chris Grey(2010, pg 40) disagreed that it was an added advantage to an organization. He described it as a system that transfers the power from workers to managers.It reduces autonomy among workers, working conditions and threatened unemployment. It is more of a radical and near complete separation between planning and decision-making, where managers would make the decision while workers carry out the order. The outcome of this caused workers to leave their jobs and go on strike, time and motion studies were banned in US defence plants and even owners and senior managers were against Taylorism as they think that the system has given the managers a higher authority than them.The second principle, ‘The use of scientific methods to determine the best way of doing a job’ was brought up to a disagreement by Paul Adler where he claims that Taylorism represents a fundamental emancipatory philosophy of a job design. His research reveals two fundamental flaws in the standard view that is based on two psychological assumptions. The first one is that work will only be motivating to the extent that it resembles free play and the second that workers need to have autonomy. Adler states that the standard critique of Taylorism is that it presents the payoff of the workers as the only source of motivation to get them going.Adler also argued that when workers develop positive feelings towards their job and perceive Taylorism as an effective way of accomplishing the task, then low individual and team autonomy can co-exist with high morale. (Buchanan,2010,pg 444 – 445). Buchanan (2010, pg 428) also commented that there are several criticisms that disagree with Taylorism bringing efficiency to an organization based on this principle. The first one was because it assumes that the motivation of an employee was to gain maximum payoff for their hard work and neglected the importance of the other rewards such as being given recognition and achievement.This will cause workers to feel that they are not appreciated and are being used as tools to do the job. Secondly, it failed to explain to the workers the us e of implementing new procedures, being timed and closely supervised all the time. Workers will not enjoy being watched all the time, as it would make them feel like a prisoner. It also makes them feel uncomfortable as to not having any privacy at work. However, the Gilbreths came up with their own study through developing Taylorism showing their agreement with Taylor’s second principle. Frank Gilbreth tudied motion and time of job to analyse how long it would take for a person to complete the given task which then lead to the development of a system called ‘therbligs’ which is formed from elementary movements, each having its own symbol and colour. His research then lead him to developing a standard time for each job element, and this is still being used till today for designing the wage payment systems. As for Lilian Gilbreth, she contributed psychologically. She studied motions to eliminate unnecessary actions and to reduce fatigue experienced by workers.She f igured that if she could succeed it would increase the work rate of a worker to maximize productivity. She introduced rest periods, placing chairs at the workplace resting area, and instituted holidays with pay. Changes were also made to the heating, lighting and ventilation of the workplace. This may have been a new revolution for the workers as it improved their work life and gave them motivation to do their jobs. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 429 – 430). The third principle is ‘Scientific selection of the person to do the newly designed job’.Henry Ford did a great job in doing so as he became famous for his way of mass-production that benefited his organization. Ford applied the principles of rationalization whereby employees are allocated simple tasks that are carefully designed to gain maximum efficiency from the workers. Ford replaced skilled craftsmen with machines therefore eliminating the need for skilled workers. He boosted up production of the cars that could har dly be done with just manpower but critics argued that Ford’s technique was destroying craftsmanship and de-skilling jobs.In the workers’ view, this was more of an issue about identifying the right task for unskilled workers to do who would otherwise not enjoy their work and be demoralized which could lead to many problems later on if not solved. The same critics also asserted that short cycle repetitive jobs are the cause of workers being treated like a machine, alienated and stressful. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 431 – 435) A research on the Braverman thesis shows many criticisms were made about Braverman and his deskilling thesis that disagrees with this principle as well. Buchanan cited from (Noon and Blyton, 2007 (pp. 57-159); Fincham and Rhodes, 2005) which shows a couple of criticism such as Taylorism ignoring alternative management strategies like making a choice between using Taylorism to deskill a job position or to let the workers gain autonomy. Employee empow erment would definitely provide better worker interchangeability that allows better assembly line balancing. At the same time, employees will not be deskilled and the management gets to take control over the labour process. Another criticism was that it exaggerated about the management’s objective of controlling labour.The thesis underestimated the complexity and diversity about management objectivity and plurality of interests. Direct labour will take up a small proportion of the total cost of a product and it may not be significant as it was in the past compared to today. The third criticism was that workers were being treated passively. There have been unions and individual resistance towards deskilling, as workers were not being treated fairly as they were forced to do a specific job that does not require their skill they have to be put to good use.In the end, the worker’s skill will deteriorate until he loses it completely. The next one was the underestimation of the employees’ consent and accommodation whereby workers will welcome Taylorism once they understand the importance of it and practice it for years. Fifth, it ignores gender. In the past, men have always been the one who have been developing working skills and were more capable of doing work. That brought a disadvantage to the women as they were being compared to men. They overlooked the possibilities that women may also be able to do other jobs such as office jobs. Buchanan,2010, pg 440 – 441) The fourth principle is ‘The training of the selected worker to perform the job in the way specified’ and from this principle came about the upskilling position which gave importance towards human capital. Companies invested in their workforce by providing education and training to help them have a better understanding of their work and how to do it right. This will help managers to identify which worker is capable of doing which job they will be assigned to. Beside s that, it will generate higher level of skills among employees that most work required during those times.The fifth principle is the ‘Surveillance of workers through the use of hierarchies of authority and close supervision’. Harry Braverman developed the Braverman where he saw scientific management as a method of directly controlling fellow employees. Managers reduced the autonomy and discretion of workers in how they perform their jobs, thereby deskilling their work in order to gain more control over them. Braveman concluded two types of deskilling technique and they are, firstly, organizational deskilling which involves Taylor’s separation of task conception from task execution that all problems are to be solved by the supervisor.The second one is technological deskilling that is replacing the workers with machines to achieve a better rate of production. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 436 – 437) Max Weber also agreed to this principle stating that rational-legal a uthority was increasingly supplanting forms of authority which comes from a set of rules, procedures and duties. This authority is empowered to the person in charge, for example, the Chief Executive Officer of an organization. Eventhough the person holding the position may change, the empowerment the job position holds still maintains the same.There always have to be someone who oversees the entire organization and manage it. Just like a country, without the government the country will not be in order but instead be in chaos. Weber defines this type of organization being set by rules and a series of hierarchical relationship. It helps make use of principles of systemization, division of labour and authority. Weber stated that his theory represented the most technical and rational form of an organization and it was confirmed when his theory spread like wildfire throughout the state as organizations were implementing his theory. Grey,2009, pg 22-23) From what I have studied about scie ntific management and its theories about how it has been applied throughout the years I would agree that scientific management does creates an efficient organization. It has dramatically improved our work life today if compared to the old days where workers were mistreated, low rate of production and many more. Scientific management have been developing over the years and along side it there were ups and downs but I have to say that in the world today, it has definitely brought significant changes to organizations.As I have worked before at several hotels, I have experienced these changes such as following procedures and rules while working which is fine by me as it tells me what I should do and be more systematic. While I was working in the F&B department, everyday there will be tasks assigned to each staff so that everyone knows what they are supposed to do and to prevent miscommunication between one another. I felt very comfortable and I did my job well following it with little p roblems. Another example would be with the help of technology everything goes faster and smoother through my experience in the front office department.In the front office department, guest records used to be manually written down in a book and it would be a hassle to find out if the guest stayed there before but now we have computers where we can just enter a guest’s information within a minute and check it at anytime and any second. Everything will be recorded in the computer therefore making it available to other departments so that they could get information on a certain guest. In conclusion, surely there are advantages and disadvantages in scientific management but that is what that makes it improve and develop over the years.There may be people who disagree with me but I stand firm on my decision that scientific management does create an efficient organization and I also look forward to see what new changes it will bring in the near future. Referances Buchanan, D. and Hu czynski, A. (2010),Organizational Behaviour, Harlow, Financial Times/ Prentice Hall (7th edition), Grey, C. (2009) A very short and fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying organizations, (2nd edition), London, Sage Publications Ltd Noon M. and Blyton P. (2007), The Realities of Work, (3rd edition), Gordonsville,Palgrave Macmillan

A Child in Pre-Revolutionary America

Perhaps I am too young to be on the right side, my mother told me.   As a five year old in Pre-Revolutionary America, I am unable to understand the true meaning of the â€Å"writs of assistance† or the â€Å"Sugar Act.†However, I feel enough for my family and the people I love to want nonviolence to prevail.   In other words, I would not want bloodshed to enter my home, nor affect the friends I have got here, including the few British friends I have recently made and who are honestly good to me.   I know about the Indian clashes against the British.While they were happening – as they still do from time to time – my mother was silent most of the time.   Yet, my father, who is a prominent lawyer and the owner of a large estate, which is referred to as a Colonial home, told me everything possible about a bigger war that may or may not be started, depending upon the conditions between the British Empire and the people of the Colonies.My father is a gre at man.   My mother tells me that Dad is visited by some of the brightest people in the Colonies.   And yet, I cannot force myself to believe in him when he tells me that the people are generally unhappy with the British Empire.When I was born, the British Empire was my so-called ruler anyway.   I did not care that they formed my government.   Neither do I care now.   I would rather allow the British Empire to stay on and pursue their goals in the Colonies, than to see war kill my family and all of my friends.   My mother, who writes poetry, tells me that my father might have to go to some of the most influential people of America and advise them in the event of a big war.   I do not want to believe her.More importantly, I fear for her more than anything else, perhaps, in the event that my father goes away during the big war that is expected and not expected at the same time.   At one time when my father became seriously ill, my mother nearly died of sadness.   She wrote and published a beautiful, sad poem in the New York Mercury at the time.   When she read the poem to me and told me how appreciated the poem was by all the people who knew her, I informed her that she need not be sad anymore because she has succeeded.She reminded me, however, that it is perfectly appropriate to be sad in the event of one’s husband’s illness.   I changed the topic then.   But I somehow gathered that at the back of her mind was the fear that my father might lose his life during a big war with the British Empire that the people in the Colonies were about ready to wage.   Perhaps a poem would not be able to alleviate her suffering at a time like that!The other day when some so-called intellectuals were visiting my home, my mother told me that they were asking all the women at the gathering, including herself, to consider working on the fashions of the times that would have nothing whatsoever to do with the British imported fashions.   Mom explained to me later that even my clothing was British most of the time.   Dad said that that was not true.Perhaps it is only in part true that I wear the kinds of clothes that British children wear in America.   And so, Mom was asked along with many other women to start thinking of new fashions that could be introduced in the absence of the British after the big expected and unexpected war.Although I do not know yet what the new fashions may or may not be, I would be interested in seeing my mother act creatively while designing the new clothes, and stop thinking about war while she is at it.   Maybe she does not think about war all of the time.   But I feel that she does.

Labor Practices Paper Essay

Many companies are using sweat shops to manufacture their products at a much cheaper cost. However, there is a much deeper cost of using sweat shops then what can be placed in monetary value. I think it is time people begin to consider what sweat shops are doing to the people in this world and how dangerous they can be. Sweat shops may save companies money, but you do not want your company exposed on the news because your sweat shop in Bangladesh caught fire and killed 1,000 employees because fire safety regulations were not met. Sweat shops are used to describe a subcontracting system where the middle man earns profits from the margin between what they were paid and what they paid out to their workers. That margin is referred to be sweated from the employees due to them receiving minimal pay, working long excessive hours, and in unsafe, hazardous working conditions. Companies will find smaller, poorer countries that have little to no regulations as far as safety and pay go to establish these sweat shops in. They pay their employees as much in a month as what many of us would make in a day. They are also forced to work extensively long hours in conditions that are extremely hazardous to their health. There are a high number of easily preventable deaths every year due to these sweat shops not meeting safety and health regulations. The contractors and managers of these establishments are also notorious for  being highly abusive to their employees both mentally and physically. They would also target women and children for employment in sweat shops as they were manipulated much more easily than men. Also, they were much less likely to retaliate against the managers. Sweat shops often force people into working in these conditions. The people have no choice but to do so as they have families to take care of and without these sweat shops work would be placed elsewhere leaving them without any work at all. Many companies, especially in the clothing industry, are using these sweat shops to increase profits, lower cost to customer, and compete with other companies. Consumers still buy into the product regardless that it is made in such a dangerous environment where people lose their lives. There was an approximate total of 1,500 sweat shop garment worker deaths in 2012. However, companies are still using sweat shops because it does not affect the consumer’s choice to buy their product, their prices are decreased, and they are selling more product. Larger corporations and companies in other countries have paved the way for sweat shops. Other companies are beginning to play a hand in this as they are looking for ways to compete with the companies already doing so. Companies in other countries can easily influence other companies into placing sweat shops in their locations due to minimum safety and labor law requirements. Consumers should seriously consider researching the products you use and determining where they come from, how they were made, and what type of environment were they made in. Consumers should then stop purchasing items made from those companies using sweat shops to produce their product. Do you really think the shirt your wearing was worth 1,500 people dying in 2012? Laws should also be implemented that hold these companies responsible for these workers wages and working conditions. It is the contractor’s responsibility to do this so companies can easily hide behind these contractors. By enforcing these laws we would significantly reduce this problem. Companies still may chose to manufacture their product in another country but those workers would now be receiving adequate pay along with a  safe work environment without the long, extensive hours. In 1999, California passed Assembly Bill 633, which is a law that holds garment manufacturers and retailers responsible for employee wages and safety. I think it is understandable why companies chose to do this as they are trying to save money, however this can still be done without the use of sweat shops. Products can still be manufactured at a lower cost in other countries without forcing employees to work for inadequate pay and in unsafe conditions working long exhausting hours. Major retailers could really get the ball rolling for reducing the amount of sweat shops used. Smaller companies and the competition would no longer have to resort to sweat shops if they were able to compete with these major corporations that do use them. So, we should keep in mind next time we are clothes shopping at the mall. We should consider what products may have resulted in someone losing their life to manufacture. It’s true, sweat shops reduce costs. However, like I said at the beginning of this paper, it is a cost that cuts much deeper than anything that can be placed into monetary value. References: http://www.laborrights.org/industries/apparel https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~nshah/fashioncrimes/Sweatshops.html

Mission Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Mission Statement - Assignment Example It also aims at teaching them to adhere to the spirit of rules thus instilling habits that lead them to better and healthier lives. In addition, the program aims at building community by engaging the young people and creating an environment through which other people can also enjoy the experience. The issues that the program is likely to face include: firstly, insufficient funds to carry out all the obligations. Being a new program, we are not likely to get sponsors. I will address the problem by organizing fundraising events to ensure that we get enough funds. I will also look for charity organizations that can support us however small. Secondly, the program is likely to have poor reception (strong opposition) in the area because many parents prefer curricular activities (Murphy, 2011). I will carry out awareness programs aimed at educating parents on the benefits of co-curricular activities. This will make the parents to allow their children to join the program. I will also encourage my students to balance between athletics and class work to ensure that they excel in both. Finally, we are likely to be faced with youth sports violence. For instance, some parents being unhappy about unfair treatment their children receive and hence verbally abusing the coach (Murphy, 2011). I will ensure that equity and equality is observed all the time and also that all complaints are listened to and addressed fully. Such parents will be made to understand the role youth sports play in the society and not viewing them as just games of

Project study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Case Study Example Plagiarism is an illegal, punishable act that constitutes fines between $100 and $50000, one year imprisonment, or both (â€Å"Plagiarism FAQs†). If a writer copies even one sentence from another piece of work, it falls under the category of plagiarism. On the other hand, originality refers to one’s own words, ideas, thoughts, and expressions. In order to avoid plagiarism, the writer must be vigilant to change the 5 W’s and H (who, what, where, when, why, and how), but most significantly the writer must use his own words. In total, Plagiarism is illegal and immoral while originality is legal and moral. 2. Process of research question development Choosing an appropriate topic/issue is the first phase in developing a research question as it gives a ‘specific focus’ for the writing (â€Å"The relationship between†). The major topic may be subdivided into smaller pieces but the writer must stick to one major issue per research paper so as to have a coherent piece of work. While breaking down the major topic into its components, a series of questions may be listed. Once the listing of questions is completed, the researcher must review the listed questions in order to select the most appropriate one that is â€Å"neither too broad nor too narrow† (Bryman & Bell, 87). ... Difference between description and analysis As Egger and Carpi point out, the term description can be defined as a detailed presentation of certain aspects, features, or characteristics of a subject matter, something experienced, seen, heard, or known; in contrast, analysis refers to the interpretation of the described information and it includes lots of lists, data, and graphs (â€Å"research methods†). The difference between description and analysis is similar as that of data vs. information. For instance, an organization may compile ranges of data (description), but this description is of no use unless it is interpreted in a meaningful context (analysis). The reader gets lots of facts and data while going through the description part, but he would not understand why it is important and how it should be applied unless an effective analysis of the data is given. Therefore, description is only the factual representation whereas analysis makes this representation meaningful. 4. Data selection criteria Data selection is an important and complex process that determines â€Å"the appropriate data type and source as well as suitable methods† to gather data (â€Å"The Ohio State University†). The process of data selection is entirely different from selective data supporting and interactive data selection. The method of data selection would be often discipline-specific and is determined by the nature of research, existing academic literature, and accessibility to relevant data sources. While choosing data, first priority must be given on ability of data for effectively answering the research questions rather than cost and convenience of data accessibility. Similarly, researcher must be aware of fixing proper procedures in order for getting a representative sample while

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-Business - Essay Example When it comes to business to business e-commerce, there is more to selling and profit making. The strategy is relationship driven. B2B businesses use marketing to inform different companies in the target market because the verdict to procure is typically a multi-step procedure involving more than an individual. For example, the aim of an email campaign for B2B is to make prospects to the net to find out more about ones goods and services. The sharing of educational and awareness business activities strengthens a business’s position in the market. The most difficult challenge in e-commerce is the issue on privacy. As much as online marketing and shopping sites have increased its private policies, it is becoming extremely tasking to be to deal with privacy issue. For a long time, hacking cases have hit major companies like the Master card and McDonalds which compromise data safety. To curb this, it is recommended to provide consumers with an easy way to comprehend private policy so as to, know what to share and with whom. This also provides the consumer with the knowledge of the depth of information they should share (Fletcher, Bell and McNaughton,

The economic performance of London compared to that of the rest of the Essay

The economic performance of London compared to that of the rest of the UK since 2000 - Essay Example a great concentration of professional and wholesale financial businesses.5 This form of business enables London in specific and the UK in general to benefit from international trade. London as an economic hub exports businesses to the rest of the UK. Notably, the world class nature of these businesses gives London a competitive advantage when it comes to engaging in business with the rest of the nation. Considering that London is one of the premier world cities, its economic performance in terms of financial a business services helps the entire nation through tax revenues received from public spending. Undoubtedly, London’s economy is strong and as such it benefits the rest of the UK. During financial year 2002/2003, London generated $ 2 billion and $ 9 billion more in taxes than it received from public spending. However, London economy experienced relative slow down in 2002 compared to the rest of the UK economy making the overall UK public sector debt move from $ 15 billion to $ 25 within the same period.6 London economy varies from that of the rest of the country. Even though London is popular with its unique financial services, its economy is not only hinged on financial activities, but has other revenue generating activities including management and business consultancy activities which it score highly in specialization index. This kind of ranking not only shows how London supplies such services to the other parts of the UK but also to other countries. Other economic activities which makes London rank highly in economic performance compared to other UK cities include tourism, telecommunications and consultancy services among many others. Such sectoral specialization has indeed helped London to contribute to over half of the UK’s exports for activities such as...This essay critically assess the economic performance of London in the years 2000-2010 and compares with that of the rest of the UK There has been mixed views regarding the economic relationship between London and the rest of the UK. Some people argue that, London grows at the expense of the rest of the country while other hold the view that London is the focal point of the UK economy. This study found that most big businesses were established and are based in London, but at the same time they have established branches to other parts of the country. London population comprises of the young generation which in real sense migrates not only from foreign countries, but also from other cities and rural areas. Notwithstanding the recent global financial crisis, London remains a dynamic city in the world due to its living appeal and commercial superiority. Undeniably, London is the UK’s leading base for export oriented employment, high value businesses and therefore, its position relative to other UK cities portrays no sign of abating. London economy relies on sectors with faster growth in productivity. As such, faster growth in output per person and rise in wages is equally expected to be higher. London boasts as a hub for some of the big financial institutions and health facilities. The presence of major businesses coupled with increased economic activities has enabled London generate the bigger part of the national revenues. However, inequality gap between rich and the poor continues to widen as the economic conditions worsens.

Reward Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reward Management - Essay Example Employees in present times are no longer satisfied with mere cash-based rewards (Dewhurst, Guthridge, and Mohr, 2010). They are increasingly seeking alternate sources of reward mostly non-financial such as recognition of their work and contribution made towards organizational success, health benefits, policies that enable them to strike a perfect work-life balance, positions of authority that enable them to exercise control and take risks to accomplish challenging objectives, etc among others. Motivating such diverse and talented pool of human resources has hence become highly challenging for the organizations. They are now compelled to reassess their reward management strategies and revise them in accordance with the changing demands of the industry, and include novel strategies that appeal to the individual tastes and preference of their employees. This includes initiating organization wide changes in the management styles, re-organizing the design systems, and incorporating the principles of transparency and fairness, by seeking active participation of employees in the reward design process. The rules of the workplace have evolved during the last couple of decades and the realities of yesterday no longer hold true in present times. The drastic change brought about by information technology, globalization, and expansion of the marketplace has entirely changed the rule of the game. Organizations today are no longer chasing customers but are also compelled to come up with innovative strategies to retain their skilled pool of human resources. Employee retention through implementation of motivational reward oriented strategies has assumed a top priority for the management. This paper on reward management discusses the various issues concerned with performance oriented pay structures, including the effectiveness of rewards on employee performance, the relationship between non-financial rewards and employee performance, the application of flexible reward policies, impact of non-financial rewards, the relevance and significance of integrated approach to total reward, and the issue of employee entitlement trap. 2. Relationship between rewards and performance: Various studies have indicated that there exists a strong relationship between rewards and employee performance (Guzzo et al., 1995; Jenkins et al., 1998; Hansen, 1997; Stajkovic & Luthans, 2001). Employees play a key role in enhancing the organizational performance. Hence it is imperative for organiz ations to ensure that the employees are appropriately rewarded for their contribution towards organizational development through an effective reward framework. The significance of effective reward management strategies for organizations can be ascertained by the fact that rewards help the management in preventing employee burnouts and provides them with adequate strength and motivation to address the various challenges encountered on the job (Schaufeli et al., 2002). It has been observed that employees are often subject to severe stress. This is particularly evident in service industries such as banking and the hospitality sector where the employees are directly in touch with the customers. Consumers today are getting more and more demanding

Developing new or existing funding streams for a Social Enterprise or Essay - 1

Developing new or existing funding streams for a Social Enterprise or Charity Project - Essay Example Thus, the social enterprises can considered to be a business model which is primarily engaged in promoting sustainable society by generating prospects for better socio-economic and environmental development. Moreover, social enterprises have charitable intentions rather than commercial and profit centred inclinations (Kernot & McNeill, 2011). Since many social enterprises have emerged from the voluntary sector due to which these enterprises are often encountered with unique challenges in growing their business as well as accessing requisite funding (Kickul & Lyons, 2012). Currently, funding has become increasingly difficult for social enterprises to obtain because social enterprises concentrate more on attaining social, economic and environmental sustainability at the cost of growth which might place potential risks on their ability to generate and to access requisite funds (Scottish Social Enterprise Coalition, 2009). The creative problem solving process such as ECI has been proven to be a much effective technique for overcoming issues such as difficulties in fundraising which have unfavourable impacted on the functioning of the social enterprises. Thus, in order to effectively tackle the challenges of fund raising encountered by the social enterprises such as The Children’s Society, Enterprise Case Initiative (ECI) technique has been duly applied for the study. The ECI comprises a few relevant stages, for example, mess finding, problem finding, data finding, solution finding, idea finding and acceptance finding. Additionally, this report critically analyses the environment under which social enterprises are operating in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, this report intends to discuss and to evaluate the challenges encountered by social enterprises like The Childrens Society in the UK. This report shall duly emphasise on ECI model for addressing various fund raising issues associated with T he Childrens Society in the UK. The

The Fundamentals Attribution Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Fundamentals Attribution Error - Essay Example I am okay and you are not okay or I am effective and efficient and you are not effective and efficient, or I and my group are okay and you and your group are not okay. There are many theories to explain the fundamental attribution error but it is generally accepted that this error arises due to differences in perception and values amongst individuals. In this particular case there is a growing discontent among staff in the division of the firm which is providing legal services to the corporate, the corporates are hiring many of the capable legal consultants as their own employees from firms such as the one being discussed which are not able to value their employees, that the firm is only two years old and is growing in all other markets except the corporate law market. This implies that the firm’s resources and structure are not suitably aligned to serve the needs of the corporate law market. The department serving the corporate sector does not have the correct structure and reward basis required to skillfully serve the corporate demands. The corporate law market significantly differs from other law markets (property, marriage, taxation etc) in the sense that the sector is highly complex and in addition to having a very good understanding of law the service provider should also have a holistic viewpoint, an understanding of the business environment affecting its corporate clients. Corporate law generally addresses issues like entering into a transaction on behalf of the corporate, acquiring property which can give rise to conflict of interest, choosing the directors and officers for the organization and arriving at proper negotiations and assigning responsibilities to the director, officer or a majority shareholder, issuing stock and deciding upon the rights of the shareholders with respect to the corporation, issues related to mergers, acquisitions , consolidation or the termination of an organization etc. At present, the firm is having an ‘I am okay you are not okay’ mindset and this should be changed to ‘I am okay you are okay’ mindset. This can be achieved by focusing on the common objectives which are the existence and performance of the firm, presenting and discussing various case studies where teamwork has done wonders etc.

Criticism on the Novel Essay Example for Free

Criticism on the Novel Essay Nature setting are explicit Page 30: When I was about fifteen years old we had retired to our house near Belrive, when we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstorm. It advanced from behind the mountains of Jura, and the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained with curiosity and delight. As I stood at the door, on a beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. [] It was not splintered from the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbons of wood. Foreshadowing?: power of electricity sparks his attention, if it can destroy something so quickly, why cant it bring dead flesh to life? Scientific descriptions lack important information Page 48: It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. We see how she was a poet in this quote: she gives more descriptions of the surroundings than the scientific aspect of which many people long for. Obviously shows the lack of knowledge displayed by Mary Shelly. Countries are close together Shows once again how much knowledge Mary Shelly had regarding geography. It sparks attention when she says that it takes longer to go from Geneva to Ingolstadt (a total of 413.6 miles) than it is to go to England. Monster has superhuman abilities yet he is made from human parts Page 70: I thought of pursuing the devil, but it would have been in vain, for another flash discovered him to me hanging among the rocks of the nearly perpendicular ascent of Mont Saleve, a hill that bounds Plainpalais on the south. He soon reached the summit and disappeared. Stereotyping of the Turkish and Irish people If Frankenstein had already created a monster, why did he need help from some other scientists for the creation of another monster? Page 153: I found that I could not compose a female without again devoting several months to profound study and laborious disquisition. I had heard of some discoveries having been made by an English philosopher, he knowledge of which was material to my success [] The Monster tells Frankenstein how hes survived mobs throwing rocks and several other projectiles and such, yet Frankenstein never stops trying to think he can kill the monster. Page 206: [] the monster whom I had created, the miserable demon whom I had sent abroad into the world for my destruction. I was possessed by a maddening rage when I thought of him, and desired and ardently prayed that I might have him within my grasp to wreak a great and signal revenge on his cursed head. All quotes from Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Theory Of Personality Development Essay Example for Free

Theory Of Personality Development Essay Introduction Personality development according to famous theorist Monique Laberge is the development of the organized pattern of behavior and attitudes that make a person distinctive. It includes the development of beliefs, moods an behavior that differentiate among the people. These unique attributes may result from a person’s unique experiences or because of his experiences shared with others. The combined effect of heredity and environment causes these attributes (Sturt Mary, 1999). Identical twins brought up together are more likely to show similar patterns of behavior than the identical twins reared apart. (Environment) However even twins reared apart are more similar than siblings who are not twins. (Heredity) Early Work by Sigmund Freud The best known theory of personality development developed from the works of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that personality has three basic components:- the id, the ego and the super-ego. Libido is the fundamental energy that provides the psychic energy for the achievements of goals. According to Freud sex and aggression are the only two drives and everything we do is motivated by one of them (Sturt Mary, 1999). Sex, also called Eros or life force drives people to live , prosper and produce offspring Aggression, also called Thantos or death force, stresses on the need to stay alive and to stave off threats to our existence. Id is the devil on your shoulder. Super-ego is the angel on your shoulder Ego has to maintain a healthy balance between the two which it does with the help of defense mechanisms namely: denial, displacement, Intellectualization, projection, rationalization , reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation and suppression. Freud proposed that development of personality advanced through psycho-sexual   stages.:- the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the period of latency and genital stage The genital stage is reached through the onset of adolescence. This is the final stage of development. Libidinal energies are re-aroused and the individual attempts to achieve adult sexuality. But if there have been difficulties in the earlier stages, the giving and receiving of adult love may be difficult or impossible to achieve (Sturt Mary, 1999). Carl Jung Theory of Personality Development After Freud several other theories were developed by his associates or later psychologists. They are often referred to as Neo-Freudian theorists and prominent among them are Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Eric Eriksson. Carl Jung differed with Freud in many aspects. Jung gave more importance to current events rather than to childhood experiences. In his opinion social motives are far more important than sexual drives. His Analytic Theory also emphasized on spiritual needs and thoughts of future. Jung also differed with Freud in the conception of the Unconscious(Sturt Mary, 1999). Carl Jung focused on understanding the psyche of an individual through the dreams, mythology, religion, arts and philosophy. Carl Jung is credited to be the pioneer of four psychological concepts in personality development, which are widely taught in universities today(Sturt Mary, 1999). The Archetype The collective Unconscious The Complex Individuation The Archetype The hero archetype was first described by Carl Jung and it straight away originated from his understanding of various cultures. According to Jung each culture have heroes – those who have extra-ordinary powers to do extraordinary tasks(Sturt Mary, 1999). He further elucidated on it by explaining an individuals’ urge to be larger than life and he finds rest in those heroes archetype. It is no surprises that after these revelation, ‘Super Man’ one of the biggest comic of all time published. The comic took clue from Jung study and captivated the hearts and minds of people from all cultures. The Collective Unconscious The collective unconscious is one of the first things which led the differences between Freud and Jung. Unlike Freud, Jung believed that unconscious is more complex than just sexual motivations and aggression(Sturt Mary, 1999). As per Jung there are fears, anxieties etc which are common across cultures and they hugely influence the making of a personality. The Complex The complex self is best defined by Jung as the suppressed or repressed aspect of an individual’s conscious self. He categorized them into Constructive and Destructive types(Sturt Mary, 1999) – Constructive – It represents hidden positive affect or influence on an individual. Destructive – It represents the side an individual doesn’t want to recognize in himself. Individuation Jung explained Individuation as a process of growth and maturation which comes in an individual during the course of life. It is the process where he can detach from the inner self and find meaning in life. Process of Personality Development as per Carl Jung According to Jung each individual have an introvert and extrovert side and which side dominates the other influences the personality of an individual. As per Jung the conscious side helps an individual to adapt and orient while the unconscious self help in reacting or behaving in the particular manner. Jung categorized the behavior into four categories – sensation, thinking, feeling and intuition(Sturt Mary, 1999). He further defined that feeling and thinking is rational and comes with conscious side while intuition and sensation are irrational and originates from the unconscious. Bibliography STURT, MARY; OAKDEN, E C (1999) Modern Psychology and Education : A Text-Book of Psychology for Students in Training Colleges and Adult Evening Classes. Published by Routlege ISBN: 0-415-21009-7

High Bypass Ratio Turbofan

High Bypass Ratio Turbofan INTRODUCTION Turbofan engines are basically turbojet engines which are provided with a large fan. These were developed to combine some of the best features of both turbojet and turboprop engines. The major advantage of turbofan engines are that it provides a better fuel efficiency. Most of the airliners today use turbofan engines. (Aviation History online museum c. 2008) Bypass ratio: It is defined as the mass flow rate of air bypassing the combustion chamber to the mass flow rate of air passing through the core of the engine. Figure I: Schematic diagram of Low and High Bypass Turbo fan (Yoon J. 2001) Turbo fan engines may be sub-categorized based on the bypass ratio as:- Low-bypass ratio turbofan A small amount of air bypasses the combustion chamber, through the fan ducts and the fan is of very small diameter. These are compact in nature. High-bypass ratio turbofan The fan in a high-bypass turbofan is much larger to force a large volume of air through the ducts. These can generate more thrust, are better in fuel efficiency and are less noisy than the other engines. (Yoon J. 2001) The three major companies to introduce turbofan engines were General Electric, Rolls Royce and Pratt Whitney. All of these companies introduced there version of turbofan engine one after the other. The first high bypass turbofan engine was developed by general electric the GE-T39 in 1964; this was developed in response to the desire of the United States Air Force. (General Electric Co. 2008) Figure III: Pratt Whitney Turbofan engine (Serra 2008) Currently the turbofan engine market is dominated by General Electric, Rolls-Royce plc and Pratt Whitney. GE Aircraft Engines, a part of General Electric, has the largest share of turbofan engine market. (Opentia n.d.) The major disadvantages of these engines is its complexity to manufacture as it contains a multiple shaft system, the large diameter of the engine and a requirement to contain such heavy front fan blades which make it a bulky machine. (WordIQ n.d.) FUNCTIONS OF THE FRONT FAN The front fan or the inlet cowl plays a multi-functional role in the running of a turbofan engine. These are comparatively larger in size than the other parts of the engine. This variation in size facilitates in the creation of a bypass air flow. The bypass air flow is defined as the air entering the engine but not flowing through the compression stages, it flows out of the engine as a bypass to the engine core. This bypass air flow is designed to develop an additional thrust as it passes from the outer surface of the engine core. This bypass air not only generates the additional thrust but helps in lowering the surface temperature of various parts in the engine as it acts as coolant acting on the external surface engine body. It also helps in reducing the noise created by the engine as it suppresses the exhaust noise. Apart from the above functions, the fan blades play a major role in reducing the speed of the air entering the engine. For better fuel efficiency, the air entering the combustion chamber must be highly compressed (Compression ratio around 15). For this the air must pass through the compression stages at sub sonic speeds. The front fan blades act as an obstruction to the incoming air and reduce its speed. Also, the curvature provided on each fan blade direct the air evenly across the inlet of the engine, increasing efficiency. The air is guided in a manner to provide a radial inlet to the compressor. (Benson Jul 29 2008) IN SERVICE CONDITIONS The front fan blades are subjected to various conditions which they should be able to sustain in order for proper functioning of the engine. The may be classified as:- Temperature: The fan blades are subjected to a temperature range of  ± 60oC. The blade material should remain stable in this range of temperature. Figure III: Turbofan engine temperature and pressure distribution by NASA Pressure: The pressure range for fan blades can be classified between 0.192atm (@40,000ft) to 1atm (@sea level). Stresses: The maximum stress concentration can be observed at the root of the blade. Maximum tensile stresses and laminar shear stress occur at the root of the blade. Maximum tensile stress concentrations, under steady state conditions, are concentrated about the undercut radius on either side of the shear slot key. This is due to the centrifugal loads incurred while the blades are rotating. Icing: Ice may accumulate on the fan blades and on the fan rotor when flying under high humidity and temperature around freezing point. The ice on the surface of the fan blades disturbs the airflow and generates vortices. These vortices can lead to an unstable compressor operation. They facilitate stall and surge. This ice also induces an imbalance which leads to vibrations. Detached ice pieces from this can even create a risk for foreign object damage when they hit the fan rotor and components behind the fan. (Diesinger 2008: 179) OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS The various operational requirements of the material for the front fan blades of a turbofan engines can be summarized as a material with:- Fatigue Resistance Front fan blades undergo cyclic fatigue loads. It has been observed that the fatigue failure has often been a reason for initiation of fatigue crack on the blade surface. Fatigue failure (No. of cycles) à ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  1/ Level of Stress Corrosion Resistant In rainy or overcast conditions, the fan blades must be corrosion resistant to avoid rusting on the blades. The rusting can cause abrasions on its surface which may result as an obstruction in the motion of flowing air. Light in Weight As discussed earlier, the turbofans are one of the heaviest turbine engines and the front fan blades add quite a lot to the weight of the engine due to its size. Hence, it is desirable to have a material which is effectively light in weight. Vibrations The material should be able to withstand vibrations produced in the engine due to the high speed incoming air. High frequency vibrations can cause de-stabilization to the aircraft. Blades The front fan blades must undergo super plastic forming at the tip to retain a blade angle. The blades are provided with a double circular arc blade profile for subsonic compression of the incoming air. After casting the blades should undergo annealing at recrystallization temperature for the removal of residual stresses that may have induced during the forming process. (Babu 2009:110-111) Blades should have sharp edges to be able to crush any particle that comes in way of its operation. This is to avoid any foreign body from entering the turbine and damaging the engine. High stiffness The blade material should have a high stiffness so as to avoid any deformation on its surface in case an object strikes it while in operation. Resistance to cracks The materials of the blades should be resistant to cracks as even on crack initiation the material should resist the developing of the crack. In case if the material is not crack resistant then it might result in quick developing of crack resulting into failure of the fan blades, which can lead to further engine trouble. MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Various material characteristics that need to be considered while selecting the material for the front fan blades of a turbofan engine are:- High tensile strength and fatigue strength. Low density. Resistance to corrosion. Sustain temperature range  ±60 oC. High fracture toughness. Damping capability. Hardness: 327-339 HV. (ATSB 2001:15) Avoid any residual stresses as they can lead to cracks. Avoid ice formation by providing sleek surface to the fan blades. (centrifugal action) SUMMARY From the above information we can summarize that the front fan blade plays a very crucial role in turbofan engines. These help in achieving better fuel consumption and hence are of great importance to the turbofan engine. Material selection for the blades should be done carefully considering the requirements such as High endurance Limit, Low density, removal of residual stresses, High fracture toughness, High damping Capability and resistance to corrosion.

The Epic Poem, Beowulf - Is Beowulf History or Myth? :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Is Beowulf History or Myth?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Many of the characters and episodes and material artifacts mentioned poetically in Beowulf are likewise presented to us from archaeological sources and from various written sources, especially Scandinavian records, thus adding credibility to the historicity of the poem. But it is obvious that Beowulf, Grendel and the Dragon clearly belong to the classification of â€Å"myth.†    In his essay â€Å"The Digressions in Beowulf† David Wright says:    Another effect of what are called the ‘historical elements’ in Beowulf – the subsidiary stories of the Danes and the Geats – is to give the poem greater depth and verisimilitude. Hrothgar, the Danish king, is a ‘historical character, and the site of his palace of Heorot has been identified with the village of Leire on the island of Seeland in Denmark. The Geat king Hygelac really existed, and his unlucky expedition against the Franks, referred to several times in the poem, is mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the Historia Francorum and has been given the approximate date of AD521 (127).    Does the above not establish in our minds an historically sound footing for the poem? â€Å"I suggested in an earlier paper that the Beowulf poet’s incentive for composing an epic about sixth-century Scyldings may have had something to do with the fact that, by the 890’s at least, Heremod, Scyld, Healfdene, and the rest, were taken to be the common ancestors both of the Anglo-Saxon royal family and of the ninth-century Danish immigrants, the Scaldingi† (Frank 60). Is not universal acceptance as truth in fact not a proof that the geneologies of the work are factual? With the exception of the hero, this literary scholar seems to agree: â€Å"He [Beowulf] appears unknown outside the poem, while virtually every other character is found in early legends† (Chickering 252). Consider the following royal burial of the Danish king, and how unrealistic it appears:    Scyld then departed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at the appointed time, still very strong,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   into the keeping of the Lord†¦. They laid down the king  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they had dearly loved, their tall ring-giver,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in the center of the ship, the mighty by the mast.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great treasure was there, bright gold and silver,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   gems from far lands (26-37)    But we know from archaeological evidence that the royal and aristocratic milieu of Beowulf with its lavish burials and gold-adorned armor â€Å"can no longer be dismissed as poetic exaggeration or folk memories of an age of gold before the Anglo-Saxons came to England (Cramp 114).

Comparison of Genesis I and Exodus 20 Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of the creation story is not central to the Bible but serves as a prologue to the historical drama, which are the central concerns of the Bible. The narrative focus in the Bible is on the story that begins with Noah and is centered on the exodus from Egypt. The central event in the Bible is the creation of the covenant and the giving of laws and commandments. Although the creation of the world in Genesis I and the pronouncement of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20 are two completely different accounts in the Bible, there lies a similar theme between them: God creates an orderly and hierarchical universe, both natural and moral. In Genesis I, God creates an orderly natural universe. He separates and categorizes everything he creates. For instance, he separates the seventh day from all the others. This suggests that everything in the universe has its proper place and will follow its regular path. In addition, the cosmos is purposeful and unified. What is created each day depends upon what was previously created. Those things created on the fourth through sixth days are dependant on those things created on the first through third days. For instance, air, water, birds, and fish are dependant on light, sun, moon, and stars, and land, vegetation, animals, and mankind are dependant among air, water, birds, and fish as well as light, sun, moon and stars. This suggests God created things in the world to fit together in an orderly and hierarchical fashion. Things are creat...

Religion vs. Rights: Which One Belongs In Schools? :: essays research papers

Religion vs. Rights: Which One Belongs In Schools? Before the government provided formal schools and programs of education, religion had been a major part of every person's education. As public schools started, this teaching of faiths continued with the practice of prayer before class and bible reading sessions (Burstein, 26). Were those actions taken in these classes constitutional, or did the practicing of religious activities deny people the freedom of religion guaranteed in the constitution? Many of those who find prayer and religion in school offensive say that it is a violation of their rights. Mr. Justice Black of the United States Supreme Court, once said, "The First Amendment has erected a wall between the Church and State which must be keep high and impregnable" (Bosmajian, 7). Those in support of religious teachings in public schools see participation in theological activities as a chance to teach morals, community ethics, and peace over violence. Nevertheless, the achievement of those goals through the deni al of basic rights is wrong. Today's society is, fast paced, competitive, and based totally on equality. Consequently, religion, whether it be denominational or not, has no place in the classrooms of today's public schools. The reasons for this position are the establishment clause, the rulings of the Supreme Court, and the role that a school has in a community. What is stopping this process of allowing prayer and schools to combine? The establishment clause is the main cause of this roadblock. The American public seems to think that the establishment clause, or religious freedom, means that personal beliefs can be instituted any place at any time. They feel that the courts interpretation of the clause not only takes God out of the lives of the students, but that the removal of religion also removes basic ethics and the teaching of morals (Gay, 65). This removal of ethics seems to have possibly caused the lack of respect for teachers and education as a whole. The courts say that this right's purpose is to create a wall that will separate the church from the state and that it will not and can not fall. This clause is the rock, on which they base all their decisions on, where they turn to figure out whether a violation of rights had occurred. To put this idea into more simple terms, the purpose of the anti-prayer position is that the gove rnment does not want to specifically support, show preference of, or exclude and particular religion or denominational sect (Burstein, 28).

Globalization & Planet Essay

In our world today, firm evidences are very much needed to support claims and produce a sturdy foundation of concepts that were recently discovered by few a portion of the population. In connection to this, the role that scientists play in the discovery and confirmation of certain events is very crucial especially in terms of environmental issues because they are deemed to be the people who are knowledgeable of the technicalities and dimensions of the natural phenomena (Gott et al. , 2009). In dealing with these types of issues, it is believed that the knowledge and expertise of the scientists, researchers, and other experts must be put into consideration prior to the development of environmental policies (Gott et al. , 2009). This is based on the idea that the availability of concrete scientific evidence will enhance the integrity of the policy that is to be formed and will also save the stakeholders from investing time and monetary provisions to policies and actions that are not hinged on well-researched and scientifically backed up data (Gott et al. , 2009). Consequently, the importance of a having scientific evidence prior to the formation of environmental actions is essential in ensuring that all the possible pitfalls and counteractions for the study are provided. B. Is it better to prepare for the consequences of global warming rather than try to prevent it? As seen from the slide presentations of chapter 9, it is clearly depicted from this reference material that it is more important to prevent the occurrence of global warming rather than trying to rely on the idea that preparation for the consequences of this natural phenomenon is a better option (It is one planet, n. d). Although it is true that the occurrence of global warming is a natural phenomenon that will proceed on its own conditions, man should still do his or her best to accomplish ways that can lessen the speed of the reactions and minimize the possible amount of the detrimental effects on our mother Earth. At present, actions made by national leaders like Al Gore and government leaders of other developed countries will tell us that addressing the roots of the problem on global warming is still a better option than just sitting down and waiting for the effects to come and hoping that the pre-formed actions will suffice the need to prevent subsequent damages (It is one planet, n. d). People all over the world can lessen the utilization of carbon-based products, reduce the usage of technologies that emit substantial amount of pollution to our surroundings, and exhibit a global effort to lessen the consumption of materials that tend to damage the quality of the natural resources that are made available to us by nature in order to prevent the worsening conditions of global warming (It is one planet, n. d). C. Can you imagine a world without oil? Does it matter? In 1950s, a geologist named Marion King Hubbert predicted the bell-shaped trend on the production and consumption of oil products in the United States of America and by comparing his predictions to the present conditions, it will appear that he is right (Goodstein, 2004). According to Hubbert, oil production or oil supply in the USA will start to reduce by 1970 (Goodstein, 2004). Here also said that the worldwide supply of oil will also start to reduce by the year 2000 (Goodstein, 2004). In accordance to this, present data show that humans are using oil products at rate of about 25 billion barrels per year and by merging this data to the predictions of Hubbert and other experts, it can be said that we have about 40 more years to enjoy the benefits of oil (Goodstein, 2004). Based from these facts, it can be said that a world without oil is not far from reality and is actually about to happen in the near future (Goodstein, 2004). Hence, people should act now on the development of alternative energy sources in order to avoid pandemonium that is caused by the lack of material that will power our modern equipments (Goodstein, 2004). D. Are environmental issues an opportunity or a constraint for corporations? Corporations can look at environmental issues both as constraints and as opportunities depending on the way by which they handle the situation (Shah, 2002). In a report published in 2002 by the United Nations Environment Program, they said that there is an increasing disparity between efforts to save the planet and business projects (Shah, 2002). One specific example on the manner by which corporations utilized environmental issues as an opportunity is seen on the exploitation and harassment of the Nigerian people in order to push through with the oil extraction process in the said country (Shah, 2002). This event clearly shows the abusive power that can be manipulated by large corporations (Shah, 2002). In contrary to this, however, are the efforts made by the GE Company to develop green business, a venture that has enabled them to produce eco-friendly products (GE Company, 2010). Therefore, it lies in the hands of the owners of these big corporations on whether they will use their power to benefit or to harm the Mother Nature. E. Should the decisions at global conferences be made enforceable? By whom? Ultimate enforcement of decisions made on global conferences can only be done if majority of the participating nations have agreed on the idea that was raised and when a global pressing issue is the concern of the conference (UN, 2009). Consequently, it is the United Nations which is allowed to execute enforcement of these types of decisions and this is because of the fact that this organization is joined by majority of the nations in the world and is also authorized to carry out stipulations and solutions to issues on health, environment, and social concerns (UN, 2009). F. How does bring about a change in life styles in order to live sustainability? In order to switch to a sustainable way of living, a series of simple to complex efforts can be done by a person and these efforts are characterized by the alteration of the way by which one deals with his or her environment, changing the daily activities and avoiding bad habits, and overall promotion of responsibility to the things that are executed by the person (Ways of Wisdom, 2002). Specific steps that can be done in order to have a sustainable lifestyle include the promotion of resourcefulness, healthy physical work, and self reliance; not focusing on the short-term effects of monetary rewards but on the long-term plans, tapping natural resources in a positive way like backyard gardening and tree planting, stewardship for the environment, and valuing the importance of time and resources in order to avoid waste of time and efforts on non-important things (Ways of Wisdom, 2002). References General Electric Company. (2010). Ecomagination. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http://www. ge. ecomagination. com Goodstein, D. (2004). The end of the age of oil. California Institute of Technology, 38 (2). Gott, R. , Duggan, S. , Roberts, R. & Hussain, A. (2009). Research into understanding scientific evidence. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http://www. dur. ac. uk It is one planet. (n. d). Chapter 9. Shah, A. (2002). Corporations and the environment. Global Issues. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http://www. globalissues. org United Nations. (2009). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Division for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 06 May 2010, from http://www. un. org Ways of Wisdom. (2002). Ten characteristics of a sustainable lifestyle. Ways of Wisdom. Retrieved 06 may 2010, from http://www. waysofwisdom. com

Senior Geography Project

I have chosen to pick Broadmeadow for the area, as whilst I got robbed, many other community members got robbed on the same day, by the same person. This area seems relevant to my investigation and should provide some interesting results. The area is also very close to home, so I wouldn’t need to go out of my way to get to the place needed for investigating. The three aims that I have chosen all relate back to the robbery that took place in my home. I want to investigate if this was just coincidence or if this is happening across the whole board.I also want to investigate the security measures people have put into place to counter this criminal aactivity. Aims of the topic: 1. To investigate the trends in Crime Rate over the last 5 years 2. To investigate the security measures people have put into place 3. To identify major types of crime Hypotheses: 1. Over the last 5 years, I think that the crime rate has slowly increased, to its peak. On the radio/tv/computer I hear about d ifferent robberies daily. I think this trend will have an affect across all of NSW and Australia. 2. In Broadmeadow, I think that people will have ssimilar security measures as one another.I think this would be because of council regulation and what other people in the neighborhood have recommended. 3. I think that the most common form of crime in the Broadmeadow area would be either theft or break and enter. Due to the large amount of criminal aactivity in the area. Plan of Investigation/Methodology Steps for Research: 1. Find topic – research if applicable in area 2. Find aims, hypothesize the aims 3. Rationale of the topic 4. Finding of ways to collect and provide examples 5. Walk around Broadmeadow area and recording security measures 6.Interview police on crime rates/ major types of crime in Broadmeadow 7. Research on the internet the verify findings 8. Analyse information 9. Evaluate findings 10. Does this support or refute the hypotheses? 11. What are the implications of the findings Explanations: 1. Whilst walking around the Broadmeadow area, I will record what security measures owiners have on their houses into a table. This will include 50 houses from 3 roads – Everton Street, Dumaresq Street and Blackall Street. Next I will gather all this data and find the ppercentage of each security measure.Next I will analyse these findings and compare them to findings on the internet and make an appropriate conclusion either supporting or refuting the hypothesis made. 2. I will create an interview based on the findings of the previous research. These questions will involve finding statistics on crime rates/major types which I can then relate back to the previous research found. Once the data has been recorded, I will separate these findings into two graphs; One graph will show the deviation in in crime rates, the other will show major types of crime and the security measure most affected by this.

A Case Study of Nabil Bank

CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Concept of Banking The term â€Å"Bank† is derived from the latin word â€Å"bancus†, Italian word â€Å"banca†, French word â€Å"banque† which means bench used by medieval money exchanges and German word â€Å"bank† which means joint stock company. According to oxford dictionary bank means â€Å"an establishment for keeping money and valuable safety of the money being paid out on the customer order by means of cheque.Historically, banks have been recognized for the great range of financial services they offer from checking accounts of saving plans to loan for businesses consumers and governments. Hence, bank can be identified by the function they perform in the economy. Bank is a financial institution which deals with money. Banks collect the money from the surplus unit (savers) and lend to deficit units (users). Bank raises the funds by accepting deposits, borrowing funds and issuing equity.These funds are used by th e banks to buy securities and to make loans. Since, it accepts deposits and grants loan, it is regarded as the trader of money. Banks can be divided int three types on the basis of their functions and services ie. Central bank, Commercial bank and Development bank. Commercial bank offer services to individuals, hey are primarily concerned with receiving deposits and lending to businesses. Commercial bank is also known as the financial service needs in the economy. 1. Introduction of Nabil Investment Banking Nabil Bank Limited, the first foreign joint venture bank of Nepal, started operations in July 1984. It has paid up capital of NRs200 million. Nabil was incorporated with the objective of extending international standard modern banking services to various sectors of the society. Pursuing its objective, Nabil provides a full range of commercial banking services through its 47 points of representation across the kingdom and over 170 reputed correspondent banks across the globe.Nabil Bank Limited with its mission to be the 1st Choice Provider of Complete Financial Solutions ventured into capital market related activities and incepted its fully owned subsidiary – â€Å"Nabil Investment Banking Ltd. (Nabil Invest)† which renders investment banking related services to the masses. Thus, Nabil Invest targets to establish itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an Investment Banker with strong professional expertise in long run introducing innovative products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations. . 2. 1 Services of Nabil Investment Banking Nabil Invest renders its institutional and retail clients wide range of services some of which are delivered currently while others will be delivered in due course with required exploration & innovation and due approval received from the Regulators as and when required, detailed as under; 1.Management of Public Offers/Further Public Offers Nabil Invest renders both its institutional and retail client services of managing public offer of shares/ debentures/right issuance of securities to existing shareholders/further public offer of securities etc to its clientele and has team of professional expertise to render quality services at competitive rates. . Underwriting Nabil invest on selective basis post independent appraisal of proposals reviewed through its professional team is rendering underwriting related services to its clientele as SEBON has made it mandatory for all institutions going public to underwrite at least fifty percent of the securities on offer prior public issue. 3. Portfolio ManagementThe Clients can delegate all their investment management related decisions to a pool of corporate finance experts of Nabil Invest who inturn will use the vast pool of industry specific data collected and analyzed by its research unit for making investments for clients portfolio which focuses primarily on safety of principal investment along with maximization of returns to Clients. 4. Registrar to Securities (RTS)Nabil Invest renders Registrar to Securities (RTS) related services to the valued shareholders of its institutional client and in the process keep on improving quality & timely delivery of services, the major hitch in this nature of services by competing institutions. 5. Loan Syndication Nabil Invest will use its existing relationship with other Banks/Financial Institutions to acquire required financial support for the financial closure of certain projects which it identifies as feasible and recommends for investment.The financial closure will be reached with either one institution or a syndicate of Banks/Financial Institutions depending on the size of projects and the requirement to diversify the risks to various portfolios from the part of member Banks/Financial Institutions. 6. Other Services Besides the services identified, Nabil Invest will always keep on e xploring innovative products and services that matches regional and global standards and target to launch the same in customization with the local market with due approval taken from the Regulators, if & when required.Thus, Nabil Invest intends to cater wide clientele rendering Investment Banking related services setting example and obtaining first mover advantage in the capital market of the country. 1. 3 Objectives of the fieldwork The objectives of the fieldwork are as follows:- ?To identify capital structure of Nabil Invest ?To analyze financial position and performance of Nabil Invest ? To evaluate portfolio of Nabil Invest 1. 4 Methods of Data collection Data collection is the process of collection of data and information through different sources or methods. To prepare this fieldwork report, the following method has been used:- Secondary Method:-The data , which is not orginally collected but obtained from published and unpublished sources, are called secondary data. These da ta are not original in character. The sources helping as secondary data for this field work reports are the annual reports of Nabil Bank, websites of nabil bank and nabil investment, books etc. CHAPTER-II DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 2. 1 Capital Structure of Nabil Invest Table 2. 1: Capital Structure |Proposed|Effective| |NRs(000)|%|NRs(000)|%| Nabil Bank|78000|52|78000|74. 29| CG Finco P. Ltd|27000|18|27000|25. 71| General Public|45000|30|-|-| Total|150000|100|105000|100|Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank From the above table, it is shown the proposed and effective capital structure of Nabil invest. Nabil Invest proposed 52% capital of Nabil Bank, 18% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% capital of General Public. However, Nabil Invest's effective capital structure is 74. 29% by Nabil Bank and 25. 71% by CG Finco P. Ltd. It can be shown graphically as follows:- Fig 2. 1:- A Pie chart of Proposed Capital Structure of Nabil Invest Fig 2. 2:- A Pie chart of Effective Capital Struct ure of Nabil Invest 2. 2 Financial position and performance of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 1 Balance sheet of Nabil InvestTable 2. 2: NRs(000) Capital & Liabilities|2010/11|2009/10| Share Capital|105000|70000| Reserves and Surplus|7457|-529| Accounts Payable|7218|2628| Provision for Staff Bonus|1065|-| Deferred Tax Liability|60|-| Other Liabilities and Provisions|694|17| Total|121494|72117| Assets|2010/11|2009/10| Balance with banks|26337|70000| Investments|83400|-| Advance tax (net of income tax liabilities)|4453|-| Fixed assets (net of depreciation)|6169|1941| Deferred tax assets|-|176| Other assets|1135|-| Total|121494|72117| In the above, the balance sheet size grew by around 68% mainly due to rise in paid up capital.Paid-up capital which got increased by NRs. 35million was contributed by CG Finco P. Ltd. NRs. 27 million and Nabil Bank NRs. 8 million. In addition, net profit earned during the year also contributed to increment. Net worth of the Company surpassed paid-up capital after it registered profit. It can be graphically presented as below:- Fig:- A Bar Diagram of Assets And Share Capital of Nabil Invest 2. 2. 2 Income Statement of Nabil Invest Table 2. 3:NRs (000) Particulars|2010/11|2009/10| IPO Fees|305|-| Interest Income|12979|-| Management Services|6196|-| Gross Income|19480|-| Personnel Expenses|1574|222|General Operating Expenses|4927|482| Depreciation charge|1267|-| Gross expenses|7768|705| Operating Profit|11712|-705| Staff Bonus|1065|-| Profit before Tax|10647|-705| Tax Expense|2662|-176| Profit after Tax|7985|-529| Opening Retained Earning|-529|-| Closing Retained Earning|7457|-529| Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank A significant volume of the profit was contributed by interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the proceeds realized in the form of sharing of interest income with BFIs / Other Institutions whose public offers are being managed by NI in the capacity of Issue Manager.In addition, the Company also managed to earn returns by rendering specialized management services to the Bank. It is graphically Presented as :- Fig:- A bar diagram of profit of Nabil Invest 2. 3 Portfolios of Nabil Invest Table2. 4: (in million) Particulars|2010/11|2009/10| 1. Nepal Government Treasury Bills|6489|5896| 2. Nepal Government Saving Bonds|-|-| 3. Nepal Government other securities|2255|2077| 4. Nepal Rastra Bank Bonds|-|-| 5. Foreign Bonds|178|187| 6. Local Licensed Institutions|305|-| 7. Foreign Banks|3661|5391| 8. Organized Institutions' Shares|192|159| 9.Organized Institutions' Bonds andDebentures|-|-| 10. Other Investments||| 10. 1 NCM Mutual fund|1. 2|1. 2| 10. 2 Swift Investment|1. 6|1. 5| Total Investment|13082. 8|13712. 7| Source:- Annual Report of Nabil Bank The above table shows the portfolios of Nabil Invest in different securities and bonds. Here the two years fiscal years investment portfolios are provided. In the given table the highest amount of investment was done in Government Tre asury Bills. It can be identify that Nabil Invest is targeted towards the Government T- bills and securities. It can be due to no default risk and it is a risk free asset.I has also a high rate of investment in foreign banks. The lowest amount of investment of Nabil Invest is in mutual fund and Swift Investment. The above table is presented in a graph as below:- Fig:- A bar diagram of Portfolios of Nabil Invest 2. 4 Study Result After thoroughly analyzing, it is analyzed that Nabil bank has been operating as the subsidiary bank for Investments ie. Nabil Investment Banking. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest) is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. From the analysis of data, it the capital structure of Nabil Invest has been identified.The proposed capital structure of Nabil Invest is 52% by Nabil bank, 18% by CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% by the General Public. But it is in effect that 74. 29% of capital is owned by Nabil bank and 25. 71% capital is owned by CG Finco P. Ltd. From this it can In F/Y 2009/10, the profit after tax is negative NRs 529,000 whereas in F/Y 2010/11, the profit after tax is NRs 7,985,000. This shows the increasing trend of profit of Nabil Invest. The high volume of the profit was contributed by the interest income. The portfolios of investment shows the different areas of investment by Nabil Invest.The highest amount of investment of Nabil Invest was Government Treasury bills for fiscal year 2009/10 and 2010/11 ie. NRs 5896 million NRs 6489 million respectively. It has also invested in Government Bonds, Securities and other Investments. CHAPTER-III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3. 1 Summary NABIL Bank stands as the Bank of 1st Choice in the industry considering its network, a number of branches, a large capital base, diverse customized services and products, a chain of ATMs service points covering a wide regional / local spectrum. NABIL stands ahead in everything it does.The strategic purpose of Nabil is t o create values and economic opportunities across all the economic zones of the country and architecting products and services to that end. Nabil Investment Banking (Nabil Invest), a subsidiary of Nabil bank Ltd is rendering the investment banking related services to the masses. Thus, Nabil Invest targets to establish itself as one of the leading Merchant Bankers in its short span of operation and as an Investment Banker with strong professional expertise in long run introducing innovative products and services in the Nepalese capital market with strict adherence to prevailing rules and regulations.From the analysis, Nabil Invest has 74. 29% capital of Nabil Bank and 25. 71% capital of CG Finco P. Ltd. However, the proposed capital structure of NI is 52% of Nabil Bank, 18% of CG Finco P. Ltd and 30% of General Public. The income statement of Nabil Invest shows increasing trend of profit in each fiscal year ie. NRs 7985000 in F/Y 2010/11 and negative NRs 529000 in F/Y 2009/10. In fis cal year 2010/11 the profit was contributed by the interest income which not only incorporates return on equity placement but also the proceeds realized in the form of sharing of interest income.The balance sheet of Nabil Invest shows the increase in amount of share capital of Nabil Invest as well as increased in fixed assets and other assets. From Investments Portfolios of Nabil Invest, it is recognized that highest amount of investment has been made for the Government Treasury Bills in each fiscal year. The lowest amount of investment has been made for other investments like NCM Mutual Fund and Swift Investment. 3. 2 Conclusion From the above study, it is clear that for the purpose -†To be the first Choice Provider of Complete Financial Solutions† Nabil bank has created a subsidiary ie.Nabil Investment Banking Ltd. (Nabil Invest). Nabil Investment over the period will be managing public issues, underwriting of securities, management of client's portfolio & rendering th e services of the registrar to securities to client institutions. In addition, the unit will also be delivering Bond/Debenture Trusteeship services, work as Assets Management Company of the mutual fund promoted by Nabil, provide investment advisory services etc.Further, the Unit will keep on exploring and introducing innovative instruments in the Nepalese capital market. It is providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. Thus, the ultimate goal of Nabil Invest would be to stabilize the unit as just not a Merchant Banker but as an Investment Banker providing innovative, quality and timely services to the investors at large. This would differentiate itself from its competitors and create a niche of itself in the market.

Professional Values and Ethics

Professional Values and Ethics Professional ethics and values are important in the business environment to promote satisfaction to employees and clients, effectiveness with business strategies, and good for professional moral. Since business began, there have been unfair business practices promoted by â€Å"successful† professional business people. This conundrum brings into question what professional business values and ethics are, how one attains and maintain these practices or qualities, and what the impact of these factors on career success may be. Ethics are considered the moral standards by which people judge behavior; the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, or profession (Yourdictionary, 2009). Values are beliefs of a person or social group in which that person or people have an emotional investment either for or against something (Wordnetweb, 2009). Both ethics and values could be combined to form a mission statement or core guidelines for an entity to promote in a professional manner among clients, employees, and customer satisfaction. Core guidelines also can be called â€Å"core values†. These values can strengthen and enhance any professional setting based on general principles such as integrity and honesty. Professional ethics and values can be developed by any single person or group of individuals that have goals and potentials to gain success. Companies and individuals should have a strong understanding of the definition of what consists of a good moral character, re-review the definition regularly and make a gut check before making decisions that affect others. Companies need to set a good ethical tone to their employees, stockholders and the public by executing a strong mission statement with a commitment to ethical practices and cascade the message throughout their companies by setting up and thoroughly communicating ethical best practices. Professional values and ethics are formed many ways. According to Moosmayer (2009), personal beliefs and values of a person influence the professional values and ethics a person follows, which in turn, influences the person’s place of work. It is important that people aim for positive outcomes, trust their instincts, and prepare for future crisis. According to Jacobson (2009), a company’s ethics should be based upon the values of the stockholders in to ensure they are satisfied with the ethics and values of the company. Another important key to professional ethics and values is to be prepared with proper knowledge of laws and regulations, which should also influence professional values and ethics (Jacobson, 2009). Knowing the laws and regulations pertaining to a business is important, to ensure the business is run accordingly, and legally. According to Lesher and Murray (2009), it is important for professionals to honor commitments and do what he or she has agreed to do to uphold the professional values and ethics. It is also important to remember that time is precious and should be this way in order to maintain and improve efficiency (Lesher, Murray, 2009). Lesher and Murray (2009), also mention that it is important to pay attention to values in general and how they are created. A clearly defined set of value-based criteria is important to make tactical and strategic decisions in a way that is consistent with ethical, moral, and legal principles (Lesher, Murray, 2009). Knowing how and why values and ethics originate is important in the professional world, as they are key to any business running properly and in order, to avoid preventable conflicts for the business. Values and ethics are the fabric of society. People live in a push-pull continuum where ethical ideologies differ. Some professionals diligently follow a strict code of ethics, others acknowledge the code but slightly skirt the ethical barrier, with the remainder of society staying somewhat oblivious to their unethical wrong-doings. This is apparent by the myriad of businesses that appear in the media with ethical issues. The concept of personal conduct inside of the business world has been brought to the attention of the public recently by the media, via numerous scandals. Several heinous examples perpetuate media propaganda. For example, KB Home chief executive Bruce Karatz was indicted for the backdating of stock options, UnitedHealth chief executive William McGuire settled an SEC lawsuit for 468 million dollars and Communications Systems chief Gregory L. Reyes was convicted for fraud charges and sentence to two years in jail (Kravitz, 2009). One cannot help but to question the values and ethics of the offenders! Professional success can be measured in many ways. Success can be rated by the amount of money earned and the material belongings in life. Another sense of professional accomplishment may be as simple as working overtime on a business project, doing the best work possible or receiving praise. Many people often wonder what professional values and ethics does one need to become successful. Bill Gates is said to be one of the most successful businessmen of modern times (Time, 2005). Gates became known when he developed a soft-ware company, Microsoft (Time, 2005). He attended Harvard University, but had dropped out to pursue his dreams of creating Microsoft. Gates' professional success comes from remaining determined and eager to be the best in the soft-ware and future technology market, while maintaining ethical practices. His success, smart business decisions, intellect, and ethics have enabled to achieve the level of experience and success he now enjoys. Bill Gates strategies for success and wise career decisions have formed him into the businessman he is today. His success does not come from something that was taught to him; his success comes from his personality, values, and the eagerness to succeed. Another incredibly successful businessman is Donald Trump. Trump has his hand in the business industry like no other real estate mogul; from owning Trump Towers, to Trump University, and of course, his show, The Apprentice. Trump continues to experience success. The following are several personal success strategies that reflect virtues of Trumps values and ethical business practices: be focused, put everything one has into what one does every day, believe in oneself, be tenacious, trust in one's instincts, maintain momentum and keep everyone moving forward, see oneselfas victorious and leading a winning team, be passionate about what one does, live on the edge and do not become complacent, leadership is not a group effort and if one is in charge; be in charge, and never give up (Trump University, 2009). No one claims argument with Trumps success professionally, it should hold true for anyone else to believe in oneself and continue working hard toward their dreams and goals, relying on ethical practices and values to act as a guide to success. In the remains of the day, the achievement of ethical and value oriented goals is a litmus indicator of professional success. It takes hard work, dedication, and critical thinking to make the most out of any career. Nothing happens over night, and true success does not come from unethical business practices. Having strong professional values and ethics are the beginning steps to becoming successful in any arena in life, especially business. References Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to college studying: Becoming an active thinker (2nd ed. ). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from Gen200- Foundations for General Education and Professional Success. Jacobson, L. (2009) Understanding Organizational Ethics_: How PR professionals can steer a safe course. _ Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Kravitz. D. (March, 2009). The Washington Post: The Business Scandal Before the Bust. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://voices. washingtonpost. com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2009/03/stock_backdati_ scandal_nabs. html Lesher, J. , Murray, A. (2009) Core Values Steady the course in a volatile world. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Moosmayer, D. (2009) Beyond The Ethics Course—A Communicative Framework of Value-oriented Academic Business Teaching. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Princeton University. (2009). Values. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from website http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=values Time Magazine. (October, 2005). In Search Of The Real Bill Gates. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article. htm Top Ten Tips For Success. (2009). Donald Trump. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www. trumpuniversity. com/blog/post/2009/09 Your Dictionary. (2009). Ethics. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from website http://www. yourdictionary. com/dictionary-articles/Define-Ethics. html

Markets; Price determination and resource allocation Essay

Markets; Price determination and resource allocation - Essay Example The diagram below presents the picture of a market. Each variable is shown as interrelated to each other. Things to be produced are determined by the decisions of the buyers whether to purchase or not the available products like food, clothing and housing. Adjustments on product creation basically depends on the demand in the goods market. The method of production applied in creating the product are decided based on the level of competition of producers. Efficiency is the fundamental criteria in choosing for the method and it depends on the prices prevailing on factors of production like land, labor and capital and the prices of the output like food, clothing and housing. Producers would want to minimize cost to meet the price competition. Concerns regarding for whom the products are depend on the nature of supply and demand for inputs. Prices of inputs serve as income and ascertain the ability to purchase product. As a whole, a competitive market presents the price system brought ab out by correspondence of supply and demand and resources are allocated efficiently without intervention. Given the mechanisms of a market, the law of supply and demand enters to present information of market equilibrium. The law of supply and demand asserts that the equilibrium market price of a certain commodity is where supply equals demand. Equilibrium, on the other hand, is a state which when attained will be maintained. As shown in the succeeding diagram, the demand curve is negatively sloping because an increase in price reduces the amount of purchases. The demand curve shifts to the right because of several factors: increase in the price of substitutes, decrease in the price of complements, increase in income, change in preference for the product and special influences in favor of the product. The reverse causes the shift of the demand curve to the left. Looking at the diagram, the supply curve is shown to slope positively because a price increase stimulates production.

Why have the western and melodrama featured so prominently in genre Essay

Why have the western and melodrama featured so prominently in genre criticism - Essay Example 2). The sentiment was rather exaggerated yet films shown in different forms of media such as television, theaters and video cassete are absolutely the channel of the general public’s entertainment and are the embodiment of a democratic cultural framework. However, the primary significance of the film industry in the creation of pleasure for the general public does not necessarily imply that it can be a dimension of the cultural and historical indication. But the reality that films get in touch with the mass audience means that they represent some of the unconsious and conscious experiences of the general public, or probably a considerable portion of it (MacBean 1975, p. 48). Nevertheless, in the case of the American film industry, it is painstaking for many art scholar and historian to discern the relationship between Hollywood films and popular consciousness from the time 1940s until the contemporary period. The popular mind itself is multifaceted. It is inticately divided into different categories such as age, gender, ethnicity and social class and is habitually inconsistent and unstable in response. During the late sixties and early seventies, in the span of four or five years, the general movie audience shifted away from compassion towards social deviance of Bonnie and Clyde (1967) to the justice and regulate vigilantism of Dirty Harry (1971), and it is uncertain if that constant alteration of movie preference is in commune with some deep-seated transformation of popular feeling. However, it is probable that these divergent outlooks toward wickedness and crime coexisted in the American society, and the films further influence the already heteregenous American public. Likewise, it is difficult to determine the factors that contribute to the popular success of a particular film (Neale 1981, p. 11). For instance, did the movie Rambo garner its popularity because of its political underto ne such as