The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay The outbreaks of the late 20th century were especially notable in light of the Western assumption that less developed countries would naturally secularize their politics and culture as they modernized their society and economy. Instead, rapidly developing Iran succumbed in 11 February 1979 to a religious revolution led by Imam Khomeini. Soon after, an interim government in Tehran gave way to a political form of government in early 1980 that made so many changes in its policies, the most important one was to practice the idea of Islamic Republic in which the government was to wed with religion of Shiite Islam indissolubly. However, there exist different and even contending conceptions as to what form actually it is. Some argue that the form of Islamic Republic is just a theocracy  [1]  and some others has recognized the constitutional theocratic character of the regime.  [2]  Some argue that theocracy as the kingdom of God on earth has not fully realized yet and thus prior to this full realization, theocracy can coexist with any transitory system of human government. This coexisted or combined form of government is an ecclesiocracy that seek to give the human religious hierarchy absolute control over the political power of a state.  [3]  Whereas to another one, theocracy can occur in any society where a powerful religious group or combination of religious groups has/have the decisive voice in a ruling political or judicial system.  [4]   On the contrary, some believe that the Islamic Republic is just one kind among so many democracies  [5]  or one of the most democratic states.  [6]  Even the US officials who used to oppose the new Islamic Regime in the past 23 years, now insist that there are some democratic characteristics found in there.  [7]  There are also others who observe it as a totalitarian tyranny, an absolutist autocracy, oligarchy or even all clerical oligarchy and call Islamic Republic a clerical regime.  [8]   What I am going to argue here is that on the path of human development towards perfection and human felicity throughout human society, the Islamic Republic in Iran has brought a kind of mixed or combined form of government that includes the best characteristics of various forms prescribed by the Islamic principles and norms and the current practices that may ensure the active and broad participation of all segments of society in the process of social development, as explicitly mentioned in its Constitutional Law. Forms of Governments Most of the key words commonly used to describe forms of governments, such as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, are of Greek or Roman origin. The central question of politics in all these was always the same: the distribution of power among the citizens so that freedom and happiness is best preserved and defined. Plato believed that the object of politics was virtue, and that only a few would ever thoroughly understand the science, which believed to contemplate all truth and all existence by which virtue could be attained and only these trained few, then, should rule. To his view the best was the form in which kings are philosophers or philosophers are kings which could be either monarchy or aristocracy but the fundamental laws of the State will be maintained. To this perfect ideal of just and good succeeds different forms of oligarchy, democracy, tyranny after which Plato added some other intermediate forms of government but all these are nondescripts and may be found equally amon g Hellenes and among barbarians.  [9]   But his pupil, Aristotle, gave another classification of the forms of government. To him the government which is the supreme authority in states could be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many and based on the purpose of a state, it may seek either the common interest or the private interest. Accordingly there would be three (not one) true forms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ kingship or royalty, aristocracy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a constitution and three perversions that are tyranny à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ oligarchy, [or] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ democracy.  [10]  In analyzing various forms of governments of the time, Aristotle, however, came to this notion that the whole system of government tends to be neither democracy nor oligarchy, but something in a mean between them.  [11]   This combination form of government could be seen in the new monarchy of Macedon arose and mounted in the battle against Sparta and Athens (338 BC) and also in Rome that emerged as the strongest state in the Mediterranean after the victory of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC). The Greek historian Polybius, who chronicled Romes rise, suggested that its constitution was such a success because it was a judicious blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The Romans, a conservative, practical people, showed what they thought of such abstractions by speaking only of an unanalyzed public thingres publicaand thus gave a new word to politics. From then onward various combined or blend forms governments were set up every where in the world. Justinian, the greatest of the eastern Roman emperors, in the 6th century, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 800, and later centuries the dynasties of Hohenstaufen and Habsburg so, as late as the 19th century, did Napoleon Bonaparte tried to restore the empire though none were succeeded. In the 7th century the Arab Muslims defeated the first of the two great powers of the time and conquered quite many parts of the second in North Africa and Spain. Beside to the strong monarchies that gradually developed almost everywhere in the world, various institutions and social classes were to fill the gap too. The church and the mosque, against enormous odds, had kept the light of religion and learning alive and spread what was left of Roman and Islamic civilization into modern city-states. Military aristocracy called nobiles in the Roman fashion and appropriated various late imperial titles suc h as comes (count), dux (duke) and khans have also effective powers. This dynamism in European society and elsewhere in the world prevented it from setting permanently into this or any other form and pattern even in the most characteristic governmental form of the modern world, the nation-state. The application of the principle of parliamentary representation together with the concepts of divine, natural, and customary law as a restraint on the exercise of power besides some other fundamental occurrences of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America and the American and French revolutions caused a new form of government known as modern democracy which is quite different from that of old Greek. The modern democracy repudiated the divine right of kings, the ascendancy of the nobility and the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. Equality before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regimes and judicial procedures were insisted upon to prevent abuses by the king or his administration. By destroying the monarchy, a republic was set up and its centuries-old labours were crowned. Now in the name of rationality, liberty, and equality (fraternity is not a foremost concern anymore), the nation makes the que st its own. Free election of government bodies under (eventual) universal suffrage, competition for office through organized and permanent parties, freedom of speech and the press, and the rule of law together with greater influence for the working classes, women and foreigners are common in all three basic senses of a form of government either as direct, representative or constitutional (liberal) democracy. Theocracy, too, derived from two Greek words meaning rule by the deity, was the name given to political regimes that claim to represent the Divine on earth both directly and immediately. Most governments throughout history and across cultures have claimed to be following their gods designs or to be legitimated by a divine mandate. The kings in a number of ancient civilizations had been worshipped as gods on earth so, by definition, the king could not be wrong and in a number of others the Gods prophets or theologically trained elites were the rulers on behalf of Him and rule by divine right. As the holly books, archaeologists, and historians show, the ancient Hebrews, Tibetans, and Egyptians lived in theocracies for some of their history. Theocracies are also found within the three great heavenly faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Some examples are Jesus message of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, and not anyone else  [12]  or the fulfilment on Earth of Gods will as the central theme of Jesus teaching, and his expressly rejection of any collaboration with the Roman emperor,  [13]  the community established by the prophet Muhammad in Medina in 622, and ruled by him until his passing away in 632,  [14]  the Papal States under various popes whose purpose was to manage worldwide Catholicism, fundamentalism as seen within modern Judaism of Gush Emunim and the Haredim  [15]  , within Christianity of Jehovahs Witnesses, within Protestant Christians of Evangelicals and some political action groups,  [16]  within Hin du nationalists in India, Sikh radicals in Punjab, and Buddhist militants in Sri Lanka, within Sunni Muslims in the political activities of Muslim Brotherhood. The more important one within Shiite Islam is the Islamic Republic of Iran, during which a Shiite teaching retrieved and developed into a politically useful doctrine: the Rule of the Jurist. Religious Democracy The form of government in revolutionary Iran is neither a sole theocracy in which people have no say in their political destiny nor a sole democracy in which peoples vote can change every thing from the bottom to the top of the political hierarchy whenever they wish. Rather, as the official name of the Islamic Republic illustrates, it is a combination of all forms of government previously known especially both these two particular forms: theocracy and democracy and in some parts quite different from both sole of them, if one can find or even imagine. The characteristic of this combined form of government and the major building block of the Islamic regime in Iran, as explicitly stated in several articles of the Constitution and the spirit surrounding it, is based on two pillars. One pillar is that of inspired by Imam Khomeinis notion of the Absolute Rule of the Jurist (Velayat-e Motlaqeh-e Faqih) by which the leading cleric has no limitation over society and politics and he is the one last position that can make the decisions to the benefit of all citizens. He is elected by the whole people in an uprising like what happened in February 1979 that led to the leadership of Imam Khomeini or by the Assembly of Experts (the representatives of people mostly clerics) through a popular suffrage of both sexes of 15 years and more like what happened in the nomination of Ayatollah Khamenei in June 1989. The ruling jurist is just one nominee among so many other theologians and according to Shiite tradition, and is identified as the successor o f the 12th Imam. The latter kind of election is similar to the election of the US president by the Electoral College. Standing at the top of the political hierarchy as the Supreme Leader and equal with others against the law, the ruling jurist supervises the three branches of the government. The regular armed forces, the Islamic Guards Corps, the police, and the radio and television network are under his command and he determines the direction of foreign policy and any other whole compassing or general policy. He appoints the Supreme Judges, has the power to dismiss the elected President, and selects the six jurists of the twelve-member Council of Guardians. The second pillar is the democratic institutions that have been well incorporated in the Constitution. Under section The Form of Government in Islam, the preamble of the Constitution reads that the government does not derive from the interests of a class, nor does it serve the domination of an individual or a group. It expressly asserts that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ represents the fulfillment of the political ideal of a people who bear a common faith and common outlook, taking an organized form in order to initiate the process of intellectual and ideological evolution towards the final goal, i.e., movement towards Allah [God]. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Constitution guarantees the rejection of all forms of intellectual and social tyranny and economic monopoly, and aims at entrusting the destinies of the people to the people themselves in order to break completely with the system of oppression. (This is in accordance with the Quranic verse He removes from them their burdens of the fetters that were upon them.  [17]   The Constitution devotes Chapter 5 including six articles to the Right of National Sovereignty and the Powers Deriving there from and explains the fact that the Iranian people have a lot say in the management of their country and how every one of them is the master of his own social destiny. The National Sovereignty is considered a divine right dedicated from Absolute sovereignty of God over the world and man and should never been deprived or subordinated to the vested interests of a particular individual or group. (Article 56) Separation of Powers into three independent ones of legislature, judiciary, and executive functioning under the supervision of the absolute religious Leader and the Leadership of the Ummah, in accordance with the forthcoming articles of this Constitution has been accepted in Article 57. Direct recourse to popular vote through a referendum, as a function of the legislature, is also anticipated by Article 59 for cases of extremely important economic, political, social, and cultural matters. The Islamic Consultative Assembly, as national assembly, is constituted by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret ballot (Article 62) and has the power to establish laws on all matters (Article 71) and has the right to investigate and examine all the affairs of the country (Article 76) including a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers (Articles 87-88) and can interpellate the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister or even the President. (Article 89) In this way not only the national executive power, but all local governments of provinces, cities, divisions, villages and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils (Article 103) elected by the people of the locality in question. (Article 100) Democratic concepts such as equality before the law, rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of belief, conscience, association, assembly and the press, secrecy of communication, recourse to the courts, respect for minority and womens rights, economic development, and social justice are all explicitly expressed in Chapter 3 (Articles 19-43) of the Constitution and several guarantees have been given to succeed. The judiciary as an independent power and the protector of the rights of the individual and society is one of these important guarantees. Concerning status and duties of the Judiciary, Article 156 reads such: The judiciary is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ investigating and passing judgement on grievances, violations of rights, and complaints; the resolution of litigation; the settling of disputes; and the taking of all necessary decisions and measures in probate matters as the law may determine; restoring public rights and promoting justice and legitimate freedoms; supervising the proper enforcement of laws; uncovering crimes; prosecuting, punishing, and chastising criminals; and enacting the penalties and provisions of the Islamic penal code; and taking suitable measures to prevent the occurrence of crime and to reform criminals. The concept of Velayat-e Amr va Imamat-e Mostamir (rule by the leader and the perpetual leadership), according to the preamble of the Constitution is another such guarantees of those democratic rights in which an all qualified and trustworthy jurist, recognized as leader by the people, is to prevent any deviation by the various organs of State from their essential Islamic duties. Article 107 too asserts that the Jurist is an elected one either by recognition and acceptance as marji and Leader by a decisive majority of the people as happened for Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or by the Assembly of Experts which is also elected by the people. The Experts are to review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha (jurists) possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 namely scholarship à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in different fields of  fiqh, Justice and piety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, admini strative facilities and adequate capability for leadership. (Article 109) The Article adds that in case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the better jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference. It is true that the Supreme Religious Leader is at the top of the government hierarchy and can make final decisions of general policies but it is only if in accordance with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ articles of this Constitution (Article 57) and after consultation with the Nations Exigency Council that consists of the heads of the three branches and some other relative cabinet and Parliament members, all Council of Guardians members, and a few more experts (Article 112) to which some heads of different parties and political fractions are added in action. When the revision of the Constitution comes, as Article 177 expresses, some contents are unalterable among them the Islamic character of the political system; the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria and the religious footing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the democratic character of the government; the Velayat-e Amr the Imamate of Ummah; and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda. In so doing, the government in Iran is quite different from dictatorship or tyranny in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The religious democracy is thus a form of government which links religion and peoples beliefs to their will and wishes. There seems no conflict in its dual legitimacy of the Islamic Republic or any juxtaposition between popular sovereignty of the president or parliament and supervision of the ruling jurist. The letter of the constitution asserts on the equality of the two pillars in order to get the goal which is virtue, happiness and as a whole the movement toward God Almighty. In theory too, as Poul Weber has noted, there is no reason why a theocracy and a democratic form of government are incompatiblevox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God),  [18]  a combination that seems possible and rational for Peter Schmid to conclude that because Islam is compatible with both secularism and democracy, a religious democracy is in Irans future.  [19]  According to Soroushs theory of Contraction and Expansion of Religious Interpretation too, secularism and democracy not only do not threaten religion but also they merely help to increase the understanding of religion and all are complementary, for the religious understanding is merely a variety of human understanding.  [20]  Soroush continues in an interview that: There is no single God-given shape for Islamic government The system of Velayat-e Faqih, introduced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is an anachronism Though religion itself is sacred, its interpretation is not sacred and therefore it is criticizable, modifiable, refinable, and redefinable.  [21]   One may ask why a sole theocracy or a sole democracy is not favourable or even desirable among the majority of Iranian Muslims and why we need such a combination. The answer is that theocracy as an absolute sovereignty of God to the will of man and the state is far from our hands because we are sometimes unable to understand the true Gods will and commandment. Such understanding and knowledge requires long preparation, several degrees of training, and education People are not able to comprehend Gods will through the explanations contained in the Quran and the Sunna. Acquiring such comprehension requires several years of studies and much effort.  [22]  And in some other times we are unwilling to surrender to His will and law, and to implement His orders in our daily life for virtue need much much effort, deprivation, and abnegation.  [23]   Furthermore when they do gain power, theocracies tend to be short lived for a number of reasons, some internal to the regime and others external to it. Internally, clerics trained in religious dogma and jurisprudence, are rarely skilled in political, economic and other social matters and have difficulty maintaining a complex modern society. When corruption occurs among government officials, ensuing scandals undermine religion as well as politics if those officials are also clerics. Resentment grows among the nonclerical populace when religious laws seem arbitrary or excessively strict and are enforced through civil power. Religious taxes, imposed on top of other taxes, especially in times of economic hardship, cause added resentment. Finally, clerics who presume to speak in the name of the Divinity have difficulty engaging in normal compromises so essential for political effectiveness. Such compromises may even seem to them to be immoral or sinful. Finally, in states controlled by on e or no party, which theocracies tend to be, police are often tempted to resort to brutality and other harsh measures that undermine the legitimacy of the regime. Externally, rulers in other nations often fear the exportation of religious dogma backed by political power and move to isolate a theocratic regime. And because secular cultures from outside can exert a constant seductive influence on young people through music, arts, clothes, and movies, and infuse them with political ideas of freedom, democracy, and equality, a theocratic regime is inclined to limit contact with the outside world. Such actions increase isolation of the country but often lead to a fascination with the outside and an underground opposition to the regime. Such conditions are not conducive to longevity, and theocracies rarely outlive their founding generation. The sole democracy is not the best form of government either. That is why you see different types of democratic governments in the world. Even Great Britain and the United States, nations with relatively similar cultures, politics, and economies, have developed significantly different forms of democracy. Besides, many governments today (around 140 out of 191 states) in the most parts of the world claim to be democratic in the ascendant. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the communist nations of the 20th century, had also adopted outwardly democratic governments that nonetheless were dominated by a single authorized party with no opposition. States with Marxist ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the means of production (i.e., economic democracy) were sufficient to ensure that the will of the people would be carried out. Moreover, there are some elements still threatening the existence of this democracy: class conflicts muted rather than resolved, nationalism still distorted voters judgments in matters of foreign policy, demagogues abounded as much as they ever did in ancient Athens, and many politicians were corrupt. Furthermore democracy places high value on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. This characteristic as Alexis de Tocqueville described is a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be concerned only with their own small circle of family and friends. Conclusion It is right that in some cases (such as Egyptian nationalism, Taliban imposition of sharia in Afghanistan and Saddam Husseins holy war in 1991 and 2003) we may find some unclear forms of government which claimed to establish a true theocratic or democratic form of government but failed to do so, or some tried to use religious rhetoric, symbolism, and values for nationalistic purposes, or religious ideals may be used to win popular support for liberation from foreign domination, from an autocratic ruling elite or to encourage economic renewal, but one can surely find some historical and contemporary examples to support a true combination of different forms of government as the Islamic Republic in Iran was a combination of such ideals and facts. This form of Iranian government is neither a sole theocracy or ecclesiocracy nor an oligarchy either clerical or financial or military, nor a sole democracy of its any kinds but a political order between them all: the head of the state elected indirectly on a universal suffrage is not a philosopher who claims to know the truth from the false out of any way he can, but he should be a Islamist jurist prudent that obliges himself to explore the Shiite cannon law and seek to find the truth out of sharia and should think and function in the interest of the whole people not himself or any particular fraction. As the people try to elect the best as their rulers, the aristocratic element is also present in this regime. There are lots of legal conditions and qualifications for peoples representatives and heads of governmental departments that only part of the well educated and qualified bureaucrats can hold the official positions. For these reasons, aristocracy, in a more objective sense, mea ns the upper layer of a stratified group. Thus, the upper ranks of the government form both legally and factually- the political aristocracy of the state. The principles of the constitution distribute the powers and make the government and its rulers constitutional and obliged to uphold the Constitution. This form is thus quite different from any given sole form of government. Additional References Web Sites Home http://www.God.com http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.html http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00t___.html http://www.religioustolerance.org http://www.rulers.org/ http://www.secularislam.org http://www.usinfo.state.gov http://www.watchtower.org http://www/dictionary.com/religion Books Dahl Robert A., Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963) Kepel, Gilles. The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994) Levine Andrew, Liberal Democracy: A Critique of Its Theory, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) Sisk Timothy D., Islam and Democracy (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1992) Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israels Radical Right, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) Tocqueville Alexis de, Democracy in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1996) Weiler Gershon, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden: Brill, 1988) Wright Robin, The Last Great Revolution, (New York: Vintage Books, 2001) Articles Cooper Julie E., Is There a Jewish Political Tradition? (Book Review), Tikkun, July, 2001 >http://www.findarticles.com Dawson Lorne L., Anti-modernism, modernism, and postmodernism: struggling with the cultural significance of new religious movements, Sociology of Religion, Summer, 1998 >http://www.findarticles.com Mohit Morteza, Background to the Parliamentary Elections in Iran, Monthly Review, March, 2001 >http://www.findarticles.com

Mergers and Acquisitions: American Airlines Merges With Rival US Airways Essay

Successful corporations in business are always seeking different ways to improve their position in their respective areas of operation. Mergers and acquisitions have been proven to be a way to do just that. A merger is simply defined as two companies joining to make a new company, whereas an acquisition occurs when one company outright purchases another company. Mergers and Acquisitions are considered as the important growth strategy for companies to satisfy the increasing demands of various stakeholders (Krishnamurti and Vishwanath, 2010). Why Merge? AMR Corporation, the parent company of American Airlines, announced plans to merge with US Airways Group in February, 2013. This came after the corporation had previously filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in November 2011. (Isidore, Chris) The resulting merger created the largest airliner in the world. The companies officially formed the new American Airlines Group Inc. on December 9, 2013. (Air Transport World, Jan 2014) Doug Parker, previously the CEO of US Airways, and now CEO of the new American, stated: â€Å"We are taking the best of both US Airways and American Airlines to create a formidable competitor, better positioned to deliver for all of our stake holders. We look forward to integrating our companies quickly and efficiently so the significant benefits of the merger can be realized.† (Air Transport World, Jan 2014) That statement proves that the merger was formed for two reasons: money, and power. Both companies were losing in the passenger air transportation field to other companies that had recently merged. Merging would allow both companies to expand their resources and add routes and terminals together that were previously reserved to each individually prior to the combination. US Airways brings  access to smaller US cities, whereas American Airlines has a large presence internationally, particularly London and Latin America (What the American Airlines/US Airways Merger Will Mean for You, 2013). American Airlines showed the want and need for money after it almost collapsed in bankruptcy. The merger of the two corporations was an example of a horizontal integration. This is defined by Investopedia.com as a merger or acquisition of additional business activities on the same level of the value chain in similar or different industries, and can be achieved by internal or external expansion. The airline industry has changed drastically over the past decade with mergers of almost every major airline: Delta & Northwest; United & Continental; and Southwest & AirTran. These mergers created a new landscape in which the tables were tilted against both US Airways and American Airlines. It was a necessity that the two join forces in order to stay be competitive and stay afloat against the other recently formed mega-airlines. Those mergers also created an opportunity for revenue growth in the ticket pricing arena. The price of a domestic round-trip ticket prices has climbed nearly 15% since 2009 due to inflation. The merger will give American and US Airways the ability to increase fares with the addition of both companies pre-existing routes and terminals. What were the significant effects of the merger? In order to be a success, a merger must provide all parties involved some significant increase in benefit. This merger is not exempt from that statement. Dailyfinance.com (2013) states that a key reason for the merger between American and US Airways is to link both airlines’ networks, creating a system on par with Delta Air Lines and United. The combination of the two results in more than 6,700 daily flights to 336 destinations in 56 countries. This network will allow passengers to fly around the world without the need to make the often exhausting connections that they were subjected to pre-merger. The merger also created an instant increase in stock prices. Shares of the combined company rose 2.7%. This in itself is a good start for a company in the post-bankruptcy period. The restructuring and merging will repay AMR’s creditors with interest and give its unions and common holders a large share of equity in the new company. (Susan Carey & Jack Nicas, 2013) Resulting Organizational Structure of the Post-Merger  Company By combining two previously fully operational companies, the organizational structure will be more complex, at the least, than it was before. As a result of the merger, American Airlines Group, Inc. now has combined workforce of 110,000 people along-side a fleet of 1,511 aircraft (Bohemer, 2013). Organizing such a large workforce creates a challenge that requires a leader capable of handling that task. The company is now lead by Chief Executive Officer W. Douglas Parker, the former CEO and chairman of US Airways. Parker has proven leadership ability, presiding over the merger of US Airways and America West Airlines in 2005. He also oversaw the company during a time of record revenue growth and increased profit margins. Outgoing CEO Tom Horton was in that position from 2011 through 2013, leading the company through the merger before handing the reins over to Parker. Parker appears to have an edge on leading and team building, having going through an airline merger previously. His ability to increase profit and company wealth makes him the obvious choice to lead the new corporation. Although the merger has become final, the two companies will still operate as separate entities for the foreseeable future. This will allow the companies more time to put together the large structure and make proper decisions to ensure for smooth operations in the future. They benefit from not being the first airlines of their sizes to make this transition, as the mergers of Delta and Northwest and United and Continental have sort of created a path of what needs to be done in order to be a successful merger. The structure combined employees from both airlines, which builds unity and shows that the company is committed to moving forward together, not just to come in and take over. This is a good technique that more companies should adopt. Along with the physical structure change of the new American Airlines Group, there will also be changes that affect the consumers. Frequent Flyer miles will be able to be used interchangeably with either American Airlines or US Airways flights. Customers will be allowed to accrue mileage from either airlines. AA.com (n.d.) lists several benefits that AAdvantage members will be afforded with US Airlines, and vice versa. There are also gate changes that affect customers and employees, as seen with the closing of US Airways Pittsburgh Terminal. In an interview with the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Spokesman Todd Lehmacher said â€Å"US Airways says most of the 600 employees at the Pittsburgh center will be given the option to  relocate to Texas, though it acknowledged it doesn’t expect all of them to do so. Those who chose not to go will be given a severance package.†(Mutzabaugh, 2014) Having lived in the Pittsburgh area for years, actually within a few miles of the airport, I know that the pullback will greatly affect the local economy. Human Resources Management Practices Anytime you combine two separate companies into one, there will be differences to iron out. Corporate culture will undoubtedly be one of the many Human resource challenges that the merger will have to overcome. Organizational cultural differences have been negatively associated with various accounting measures and stock market value following domestic M&As. (Webber & Drori, 2011) Being that the companies have similar duties and responsibilities, it should not be too difficult to work through these issues. There may be past practices at each company that will have to be adjusted in order to make the transition smooth. Merging also presented the opportunity to increase employee pay and benefits packages, which would be in line with the other large airlines. With the expected increased revenue, there would be more funds to share amongst the employees and shareholders. In behind the scenes meetings, Parker secretly negotiated deals with American’s three main unions, creating †Å"provisional contracts† that would give American’s workers far better pay and work rules. (Tully, 2013) These negotiations gave the union’s reason to buy into and promote the merger. Conclusion While the merger between these two airline giants did not go without hiccup, they were in a better position to make the transition due to a need to by American Airlines and a want to by US Airways. American appears to be the winner of the merger by coming out of bankruptcy, maintaining their company, and expanding their routes and terminals. The merger was finalized on December 9, 2013 References Krishnamurti, C., & Vishwanath, S. R. (2010). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructuring. South Asian Journal of Management, 17(2), 169-171. American Airlines, US Airways close merger to create world’s largest airline. (2014). Air Transport World, 51(1), 8. Boehmer, J. (2013). Merger Planning Underway As American, US Airways Embark On Long Journey. Business Travel News, 30(7), 28. What the American Airlines/US Airways Merger Will Mean For You. (2013, November 12). Daily Finance. Retrieved from http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/12/12/us-airways-american-airlines-merger-consumer-impact American Airlines, US Airways Complete Merger (2013.). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/ W. Douglas Parker. (n.d.). US Airways. Retrieved from http://www.usairways.com/EN-US/ABOUTUS/PRESSROOM/BIOS/PARKER.HTML Weber, Y., & Drori, I. (2011). Integrating Organizational and Human Behavior Perspectives on Mergers and Acquisitions. International Studies of Management & Organization, 41(3), 76-95. Tully, S. (2013, March 18). Inside the World’s Biggest Airline Merger. Fortune, 167, 169.

A Review of Argumentative Essay Topics for Beijing Smog

A Review of Argumentative Essay Topics for Beijing Smog If you're thinking that you will need a person to compose my essay at the moment, you can just rely on our honest reviews. The point is you will understand your distinct case deeply and in detail as opposed to in broad, vague terms. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. 1 man can alter the world. In cities like Riyadh, smog is just amplified on account of the harsh problems. There are lots of things to argue when it has to do with the law. In Saudi Arabia, the air pollution problem is unique in that it's a result of the large automobile business and efforts to tackle the problem must also think of the cultural and location differences in order to repair this dilemma. The issue with the provisions is they cost a great deal of money and the state governments don't want to pay the exorbitant price tags. Argumentative Essay Topics for Beijing Smog and Argumentative Essay Topics for Beijing Smog - The Perfect Combination The review is going to teach you all you will need to understand and then you are able to place your purchase confidently. In case you go through with a tour group, have a bottle of water and a few snacks with youseriously. There's a significant remedy to your issue! It isn't an issue of technology. The Argumentative Essay Topics for Beijing Smog Chronicles You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure you do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Due to this, many disagree on the way the laws should change (if they ought to change at all) and there are numerous topics to pick from. The very first step is to learn the topic you want to write about. Inside this assignment, you will select a particular topic that makes it possible to understand some element of climate change. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. If you don't have an urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. Following are a few simple strategies to lead you in selecting the great persuasive essay topic for you. With the aid of our tips for writing and our interesting collection of topics, you're guaranteed to have a high grade! When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. The selection of the topic inside this circumstance is a severe matter it must be vital, socially actual and controversial, so the argument can be developed. Learn which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. It is possible to observe a list of 25 topics you can select from the one which best fits your assignment. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Have a look at our writing services reviews and find out how top rated essay writing companies do the job. What's more, at times the opinions and conclusions from the authors of the relative literatures might be subjective which would help determine the analysis outcomes. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. English language classes usually want a lot of writing. You've got to compose several academic papers over the duration of a year. To begin with, local newspaper papers are sometimes an excellent place to discover interesting argumentative essay topics. Smog can stay for a lengthy moment. Air pollution can be categorized as visible and invisible. Asthma will probably be a long-term effect. Individuals with asthma are way more sensitive to smog. There's evidence that suggests that it may cause some short-term breathing troubles. The longer a person has been exposed to smog, the larger the indicators are. There are lots of difficulties that smog cause.

Psychology vs Common Sense - 1521 Words

To do justice to this paper one must first look at what the two schools of thought are. The word psychology is the combination of two terms – study (ology) and soul (psyche), or mind. The derivation of the word from Latin gives it this clear and obvious meaning. â€Å"Psyche† is defined as: (A) The spirit or soul. (B) The human mind (C) In psychoanalysis, the mind functioning as the centre of thought, emotion, and behavior. Defining â€Å"Soul†, we have: 1. The spiritual or immortal elements in a person. 2. A person’s mental, moral or emotional nature. We can all agree that most of us if not all have a â€Å"psyche† when we look at the above definitions, in the sense of mind, thought, and emotions. Most would also agree that they have a soul, this†¦show more content†¦Conditioning in respect to learning is the careful study of association of stimuli and responses (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith, Bem and Hoeksema, 1953, p. 227). For example a child learns that striking a sibling will be followed by disapproval from the parents. Trial and error learning involves the task of the learner to select the correct responses from a large repertoire of available responses example learning to ride a bike. There are many situations in which the solution appears suddenly (insight) or in which the organism demonstrates understanding of a problem with little or no previous experience with the exact situation (Fryer, Henry and Sparks, 1954, p. 152). Insight and understanding a sub topic of learning occurs when problems are solvable by grasp of a general principal, relation or method, a new condition, motivation or attack is introduced or the act which solves the problem is unitary, or at least simple. Insight learning is least likely to occur when the task must be accomplished by mastery of a number of part solutions. Another perspective of psychology is the cognitive process referred to all those ways in which the knowledge of the world is attained, retained and used. This theory included thinking, feeling, remembering, making decisions and judgments (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p. 16). In this area it shows different levels of development. According to Piaget Children typicallyShow MoreRelatedRetrospective Analysis of Personality1043 Words   |  5 PagesRetrospective Analysis of Personality Intro to Psychology August 31, 2014 I found doing this paper quite exciting to a certain point, until I really took a moment to glance back into my life and see the changes that have taken place. Through the years I have wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why. I drastically made those changes due to the different people and environments I have been. 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