Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay Example for Free

Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay What is the reason for the abandonment of sugar plantations in the British West Indies in the 19th century? I am going to analyze and asses the reasons why sugar plantations were being abandoned by plantation owners in the 19th century? The main causes and the main effects. The abandonment of the Sugar plantations in the Caribbean leads to major changes and had a great effect on West Indian countries. So what caused sugar, a once thriving industry, to be abandoned? And what was the impact it had? ata collected will assessed and analyzed to understand these effects, the causes and how they pertain to life in this century. Chapter 1 Introduction. Sugar cane was the main cash crop grown on numerous British, French and Spanish owned islands. Sugar was in high demand and was very profitable. But this industry needed labor and lots of it thus slavery was the cheapest and best source of labor they had. Plantation owners would buy slaves brought from Africa to work on their plantations. Plantation life in the 19th century was very hard, grueling labor, severe punishment and extensive exhaustion. Slaves worked for long periods of time in fields harvesting sugar, in factories producing sugar and the main house as workers (maids, butlers, and cooks ). The abandonment of sugar production was imminent to failure because of the ill treatment and over working. The United States was also a major factor in sugar abandonment, along with the feuded between British and the Spanish which lead to more problems. In my S. B. A I will asses these problems and the effects they had on both the economy and on the society. Chapter 2 Reasons for abandonment The abandonment of sugar plantations in the 19th century was caused by not only one factor but, it was caused by a collection of factors or a chain of events happening one after the other. Reasons for the abandoning of the sugar plantations started with the Emancipation of slaves, then from that event, multiple amounts of other events caused the sugar estates to close. Emancipation was the greatest cause of Sugar estates being abandoned. The Emancipation Act was passed in 1830 in May and an ex and it stated that â€Å"All men were equal and slavery was to be abolished. This in turn means that former slaves were free. These free† men now had rights. So plantation owner had to pay slaves, this was a great change from the former system they had. Work time for slaves had to be cut; there were no long excessive amount of work hours, now it had to be a limited amount of time. Slaves could not be abused anymore and they could have refused to do the work. These factors caused a great stress on the plantation owners. They were losing more of their profit to pay wages, less hours of work were being done, and less sugar was being produced, in turn less profit. After Emancipation plantation owners taught that sugar production would have decreased, it did, for some countries. Smaller Islands production went up such as Barbados and Puerto Rico. These places, relatively all the land was used for estate purposes, so freed slaves had no other choice but to go back and work on the plantations. But in larger countries such as Jamaica where slaves hated plantation life and there was land untainted by settlement sugar production took a massive lost in profit. Everything changed by the end of the 19th Century. Slavery had been abolished, and Europes beet sugar had preempted Caribbean cane. Depressed market prices could not offset the production and transportation costs for an island crop, and sugar plantations soon were abandoned. Abolition of slavery was difficult for the colonies, which had to adjust to having a majority of new citizens who could not be denied the civil rights already grudgingly extended to the few. Extending those civil rights, then as now, was neither easily nor gracefully achieved because the political systems had existed for centuries as the narrow instruments of the small, white, landed elite, largely absentee, whose members were threatened by the removal of their special trade preferences. Above all, there were economic difficulties. Sugar prices were falling, and West Indian producers were facing severe competition not only from other producers in the British Empiresuch as India, South Africa, and Australiaand non-imperial cane sugar producerssuch as Cuba and Brazilbut also from beet sugar producers in Europe and the United States. Falling prices coincided with rising labor costs, complicated by the urgent need to regard the ex-slaves as wage laborers able and willing to bargain for their pay. Acts passed by the government. Acts passed by the Government in the 19th century contributed to the abandoning of plantations greatly. They were one of the most influential factors. If it was not for these Acts, in my option the sugar industry would have survived. Such as The Sugar Equalization Act,1846 this law was passed because persons wanted cheap raw materials but the price of these items was very high. Politicians of the Manchester school convinced the British that duties were keeping the price at a high rate. Thus duties were removed from corn and sugar. Some farmer’sprophesied this was the end for sugar and along with â€Å"The Encumbered Estates Act, 1854 the sugar industry looked grim. The Encumbered Estates Act stated that the government could seize plantations that were abandoned and could be sold with their debt and the new owner had to pay off this debt. The act was very short sighted and gave away to long term effects that prove to be disastrous Labor problems. To mitigate labor difficulties, the local assemblies were encouraged to import nominally free laborers from India, China, and Africa under contracts of indenture. Apart from the condition that they had a legally defined term of service and were guaranteed a set wage, these Asian indentured laborers were treated like the African slaves they partially replaced in the fields and factories. Between 1838 and 1917, nearly half a million East Indians (from British India) came to work on the British West Indian sugar plantations, the majority going to the new sugar producers with fertile lands. Trinidad imported 145,000; Jamaica, 21,500; Grenada, 2,570; St. Vincent, 1,820; and St.  Lucia, 1,550. Between 1853 and 1879, British Guiana imported more than 14,000 Chinese workers, with a few going to some of the other colonies. Between 1841 and 1867, about 32,000 indentured Africans arrived in the British West Indies, with the greater number going to Jamaica and British Guiana. With important British politicians such as Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1809-98) owning sugar estates in British Guiana, that colony, directly administered by the crown, assumed great importance in the Caribbean. Chapter 3 Effects of Sugar abandonment in the Caribbean. Indentured labor did not resolve the problems of the plantations and the local governments in the Caribbean during the nineteenth century, but it enabled the sugar plantations to weather the difficulties of the transition from slave labor. The new immigrants further pluralized the culture, the economy, and the societies. The East Indians introduced rice and boosted the local production of cacao (the bean from which cocoa is derived) and ground provisions (tubers, fruits, and vegetables). Although some East Indians eventually converted to Christianity and intermarried with other ethnic groups, the majority remained faithful to their original Hindu and Muslim beliefs, adding temples and mosques to the religious architecture of the territories. The Chinese moved into local commerce, and, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the corner Chinese grocery store and the Chinese restaurant had become commonplace in all the colonies. Emancipation of the slaves provided the catalyst for the rise of an energetic, dynamic peasantry throughout the Caribbean. A large proportion of the ex-slaves settled in free villages, often forming cooperatives to buy bankrupt or abandoned sugar estates. Where they lacked the capital, they simply squatted on vacant lands and continued the cultivation of many of the food crops that the planters and the colonial government had exported during the days of slavery. The villages, although largely independent, provided a potential labor pool that could be attracted to the plantations. The growth of these free villages immediately after the emancipation of the slaves was astonishing. In Jamaica, black freeholders increased from 2,014 in 1838 to more than 7,800 in 1840 and more than 50,000 in 1859. In Barbados, where land was scarcer and prices higher, freeholders of less than 2 hectares each increased from 1,110 in 1844 to 3,537 in 1859. In St.  Vincent, about 8,209 persons built their own homes and bought and brought under cultivation over 5,000 hectares between 1838 and 1857. In Antigua, 67 free villages with 5,187 houses and 15,644 inhabitants were established between 1833 and 1858. The free villages produced new crops such as coconuts, rice, bananas, arrowroot, honey, and beeswax, as well as the familiar plantation crops of sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, cacao, citrus limes, and ground provisions. Which lead to the integration of a wide variety of agricultural products?

Personal Values And Beliefs Theology Religion Essay

Personal Values And Beliefs Theology Religion Essay VALUES: Values describes, important belief in life shared by the member in the same culture about what is good and what is not. Values also create influence on a particular persons life and acts as a guideline. Compared with the great leaders, I also have some mutual values such as non-violence, truth, do good and helping the poor, fight against violence against women, drugs and others but, I stick to my own culture. It is a different value compared with the two leaders. BELIEFS: Beliefs are the rules, habit, and truth in our minds which are followed in our life for the survival. People have different beliefs in life that are usually passed by our parents and generations. The information source is the level of belief. It is also marked as assumptions, which made by ourselves. Compared to the great leaders, I added my culture as my belief and I am easy going man and I accept what is given to me by my parents. But, Mother Teresa and Gandhi have different beliefs. But their views are good. ATTITUDES: Attitudes are the combination of certain subjects from value and beliefs. Each people have different attitudes due to several reasons. Personal attitudes and values are almost similar and attitudes may be either positive or negative. Comparing my attitude with leaders, some of the attitudes are common and some differs. METAPROGRAMS: Metaprograms are filters to perception. There is several metaprograms. While comparing with the metaprogams of the good leaders mentioned above. My answers are different when comparing all the metaprogram with the Mother Teresa and Gandhi. TRAITS: Traits means how they interact with the people. It also means qualities or characteristics of a person. There is positive personal traits and negative personal traits also. Good leaders have traits such as honest, forward looking, intelligent and so on. Like that I mentioned some personal traits of the great leaders. While comparing, I have a personal trait that is thinking before doing. Comparing with them the only trait which I have different from them. Well the difference is because of the time this leaders were present that stands as history. STRATEGIES: Strategies allows us to work on achieving our goals. It is also a plan of action for the desired goals, also could be achievement of goals or solution to a problem. The personal strategy varies according to their nature. Here the two leaders have different strategies and my strategies are also different from them. But, some good leaders have some common personal strategies also. CONCLUSION: To conclude, that above I compared my values, beliefs and so on with the leaders. I analyses the each part of both leaders are different according to their personality and those leader have brought about changes in many peoples life and fought for them. PART B : Personal Development Plan (PDP) 1) What is My Current State I. What are my strengths that might influence my approach to leadership? Patience Hard working Humanity I dont give up I know my right and will fight for mine and for the people ii. What are my weaknesses that might influence my approach to leadership? not well manage Quick judge not aggressive sometimes dont speak up soft hearted iii. What are the common feedbacks (positive or negative) that I receive from others that might influence my approach to leadership? POSITIVE FEEDBACK: I socialize and make friends and enjoy Patience Willing to work Kind NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Not well manage Not aggressive Lack of skills Lack of experience iv. What other performance indicators can I notice that might influence my approach to leadership? Quantitative indicator Directional indicator Financial indicator v. Conclusion: In conclusion I will say that I have to improve/focus on my leadership skills and personal weaknesses like: Time management Emotions control Internal Communication Expose myself and speak up more 2) What is my Desired State? Is to become a successful leader in any field of work either in a business field or political, sporting or any kind of leader, would lead the organization to its goal. What do I have to improve/achieve? Improve on my management skills bring about maturity in the way of thinking for a particular organization I would like to achieve my desired state by improving my leadership skills Why do I want to achieve that? What does it give me? Happiness Motivation Good satisfaction Satisfaction in life Achievement iii. What are my short-term outcomes? My short term outcome its help me in dealing with peoples and also help in work place to communicate and increase my performance and also creates better understanding and builds responsibility. iv. What are my long-term outcomes? My long term outcomes are it helps to increase my productivity and improve the standard of life How Do I Get There- What is needed? Through hard work and dedication what must I improve/learn/experience to achieve that desired state? improve my understanding and socalise integrate with people to know their needs participation ii) What are the possible resources to learn/experience/improve? Newspapers Handouts Internet 4) Timeline? I) When do I want or need to achieve the desired state? For short term 12 august to 24 December For long term 1 august 2012 to 13 December 2016 ii) What is my schedule to work on these focus area? Everyday life we go through different people and learn from their experiences and we set goals and work on them 2nd feb to 23th of dec spend 4-5 hours a week. Personality Type Report Your Personality Preferences EXTROVERT You are social and outgoing. You are most comfortable when with other people and experiencing the world first hand. Interaction with others and first hand experiences energize you. It is not unlike you to start conversations with strangers. You have a preference for the outer world: people, activities, and things. Other people provide you with a mirror, sounding board to help you develop ideas and plans. Being alone may sap your energies. Your concept of the world is derived from experiencing it firsthand and then drawing conclusions. SENSORY / INTUITIVE You appear to be an equal mix of both sensory and intuitive types. This may cause you some conflict at times. On the other hand the balance of the two may work just fine for you. There is certainly nothing wrong with having a fair share of both types if you are happy. Below you will find descriptions of both types.   SENSORY   You usually gather information with your senses: what you can see, hear, taste, touch and smell in the physical world. The facts gathered from the sensory data you process are the building blocks of your model of our world. You concentrate your energies on what actually exists and do not ponder what might exist too much. You are usually practical and rely on your common sense to guide you through the world. You see things as they are and have little or no need to search for underlying meanings.   INTUITIVE   While you do process information through your senses you add a twist to your processing by relying on intuition and serendipity. You look for undercurrents of meaning and abstractions in what you experience physically. You do not just see things just as they are, but as what they could be. While you may rely on common sense at times, you trust inspiration far more. PERCEIVING You like to have as much information as possible before making a decision. Putting off a final decision until the last moment does not make you uncomfortable. Indeed once a decision is made, a course plotted, you may feel a bit uneasy, because you feel bound to a certain course of action. You would much prefer to wait and see what happens. You enjoy the opportunity to improvise. Commitments are not etched in stone to you, and are changeable. FEELING   You make decisions subjectively based upon your values and what is important to you. How people will be affected by your decisions is important to you. You are likely to make decisions based upon what you feel is acceptable and agreeable rather than what is logical. Your truths are founded in your values and those of the society you live in. It is important to remember that we are discussing how you evaluate data and make decisions, and that you rely on your feelings to do so in no way implies you are overly emotional. Your Personality Type Your personality preferences suggest you may be one of two personality types, so both these types are listed below. Extrovert/Sensing/Feeling/Perceiving Your caring and generous nature makes helping others a pleasure for you. You are so full of energy, friendly and charming that some might describe you as the life of the party. You are not overly judgmental and accept others as they are. You steer your course through life by relying on your common sense. You are an optimist. New experiences are food for your soul.   In relationships you are the one that can bring light to the gloomiest situation. You are easygoing and very accepting of others. You are full of energy and need to share adventures with your friends and loved ones. You need attention and approval. You may not need a deep emotional bond, but you do need your relationships to be fun. You have a genuine concern for the plight of others.  Famous People of Your Type: St Mark, Dale Evans, Gracie Allen, Bob Hope, Eva Gabor, Willard Scott, Goldie Hawn, Kyle Petty, Arsenio Hall, Mary Lou Retton, Kathy Lee Gifford, Woody Harrelson.   Occupations Suited to Your Type Include: Animal handler, coach, designer, fitness instructor, flight attendant, fund-raiser, merchandiser, musician, nurse, performer, law officer, athlete, pr specialist, real-estate agent, salesperson, teacher, travel agent, and veterinarian. Extrovert/Intuitive/Feeling/Perceiving You are a very creative optimist who never has a shortage of new ideas. You accept others as they are, like to be helpful, and are compassionate. Your freedom and independence are very important to you. Your well-developed insight into others and communication skills allow you to inspire those around you. You have a good sense of humor and love to have fun.   In relationships you may turn intimacy into an all-encompassing pursuit. You are very aware of what those around you are thinking and doing. Your people skills allow you to make friends instantly and make almost anyone comfortable. You tend to idealize your relationships. You like your relationships to be very intenseyou want to feel everything. The warmth and affection you give others is very deep and genuine.   Famous People of Your Type: Franz Joseph Haydn, Samuel Clemens, Will Rogers, Buster Keaton, Theodor Dr.Seuss Geisel, Mickey Rooney, Carol Burnett, Paul Harvey, Elizabeth Montgomery, Bill Cosby, Dom Delouise, Dave Thomas, Martin Short, Meg Ryan, Robin Williams, Sandra Bullock, Robert Downey.   Occupations Suited to Your Type Include: Actor, artist, clergy, consultant, entertainer, entrepreneur, personal service provider, journalist, marketer, media specialist, mediator, recruiter, sales person, business owner, teacher, and writer. The  Enneagram  is a personality system which divides the entire human personality into nine behavioral tendencies, this is your score on each Type 1   Ã‚   Perfectionism |||||||||||||| 58% Type 2 Helpfulness |||||||||||||||| 70% Type 3 Image Focus |||||||||||||| 54% Type 4 Individualism |||||||||||||| 58% Type 5 Intellectualism |||||||||||||||||| 74% Type 6 Security Focus |||||||||||||||| 66% Type 7 Adventurousness |||||||||||||||||||| 82% Type 8 Aggressiveness |||||||||||||||||| 74% Type 9 Calmness |||||||||||| 50% type score type behavior motivation 7 20   I must be fun and entertained to survive. 5 18   I must be knowledgeable to survive. 8 18   I must be strong and in control to survive. 2 17   I must be helpful and caring to survive. 6 16   I must be secure and safe to survive. 1 14   I must be perfect and good to survive. 4 14   I must be unique/different to survive. 3 13   I must be impressive and attractive to survive. 9 12   I must maintain peace/calm to survive. Your main type is  Type 7   Your variant stacking is  sx/sp/so Your level of health is  very low, i.e. very unhealthy Your DISC personality test report Your specific distribution of scores on the DISC personality test is an indication of your unique personality. You can think of this as your DISC Personality DNA. In the pie chart below you see your distribution of scores. The highest percentage is likely to be your most dominant personality factor, the second highest your next most dominant personality factor and so on. As such for you the DISC factors are ordered as: Compliance, Steadiness, Dominance and Influence. The graph below shows how each team role fits you. After the graph, each team role is explained in detail, in the order of its importance to you.

Artifact Study of an Olympiakos Soccer Jersey :: Greece Greek Sports Essays

Artifact Study of an Olympiakos Soccer Jersey Introduction The artifact of appearance I have chosen is a soccer jersey representing Olympiakos, a team in the top Greek league. I acquired this article of clothing during the summer of 1995. Many factors have contributed to my interest in Greek soccer jerseys. These include my Greek heritage, my family's fanaticism with soccer, and the growing popularity of sports jerseys in the, for severe lack of a better term, alternative subculture. In this paper, I will perform an artifact study on this jersey. For another example of an artifact study, see my first project. The steps of an artifact study are Identification, Evaluation, Cultural Analysis,and Interpretation. Identification History This jersey was manufactured in Greece most likely by a textile or clothing company that has a merchandising agreement with the Olympiakos organization. In early June of 1995 my uncle Petro bought the jersey, along with other sports items, and mailed them to my home. He intended for my brother and I to split the contents of the package; however, I quickly claimed all the items as my own after my brother expressed no interest in the jerseys. Since that day I have had the jersey in my possession. Material The jersey is constructed from a mix of several obviously artificial fabrics. Unlike football or lacrosse jerseys, it does not have a very open weave. The insignia, number, and sponsor logo are made from felt and attached to the jersey. Construction The workmanship of the jersey seems to be average. There are no major flaws in the design or material. The only apparent imperfection is a small thread unraveling on the sleeve. From the material and workmanship, it is safe to assume that the jersey was mass-produced. Design The jersey closely resembles the red and white one in the picture above left. The stripes though are thinner and the jersey has long sleeves. Also, the neck is cut in a low 'V'. Like the jersey in the picture, the team insignia, shown in the background of this document and in the above right image, is located over the left breast and the sponsor logo, in both cases Mastercard, is on the front center of the jersey. The jersey pictured has the logo and insignia in color, while my jersey is detailed completely in black. The number 10 is on the back in black felt. Function This Olympiakos jersey is primarily designed to be casually worn.

The Different Lives of Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Ris

In the novel The Sun Also Rises we read about two characters that seem to depend on each other. Ernest Hemingway writes this story ingeniously to show how these two characters are intertwined with one another. One character can't get away from the other because of the friendship they share. We have to look at the lives of Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley from both points of view to understand how they are complicated. Brett Ashley was a different type of lady. She drinks all the time and enjoys the company of men. When she feels unhappy she drinks more. Hemingway's character the count said, "Let's enjoy a little more of this," Brett pushed her glass forward. The count poured very carefully. "There, my dear. Now you enjoy that slowly, and then you can get drunk" (Hemingway 66). She does not work because she is always depending on men to pay for everything. She always depends on Jake to save her when she runs into trouble. The only good that came from Brett was that she didn't take any money from Mike when she left with Pedro. The other time she was good is when she...

Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Y :: American America History

Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage The preface to Peter Collier and David Horowitz's Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and the introduction to Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage both try to explain the authors' reasons for writing their books. Both books, based on nostalgia, deal with the good and the bad which have come out of the sixties. However, while Collier and Horowitz describe the sixties more as a time of destruction, Gitlin places more emphasis on the spirited atmosphere which led to the destruction. This destruction they all refer to includes the diminished placement of trust in America, the rising problem of drugs, and the overall havoc created throughout the country. Therefore, the authors give two very different descriptions of the era of which they were all a part. Even in the beginnings of the works, the differences are very noticeable. Collier and Horowitz begin by trying to describe a "summary moment" (Collier and Horowitz 11) of the decade. This "moment" involves a revolutionary group known as the Black Panther Party. The authors seem to criticize this group by commenting on their appearances and their actions in certain events. For example, at a cocktail party, one Panther spit in the face of an army draftee because he brought a black friend from the army home while on leave. When the Panther returned to the party, the people present pretended not to notice that anything had happened. Later, when misunderstandings occurred between two guests at the party which resulted in one of them making a racial remark, anger was fueled in the group and among others who had heard about the event. Collier and Horowitz, when remarking on their reactions, emphasize that while in ordinary times the event would not have caused many problems, during the sixties, people considered it more of a sign that revolution was worthwhile. Perhaps the authors were suggesting that the revolution was created out of exaggerated problems or that those leading the revolution, such as the Black Panthers, did not quite understand why they were leading it. Collier and Horowitz seem imply this belief through the portrayal of the Panthers as uneducated when listening to Genet speak on their behalf: "The Panthers milled around in sullen incomprehension as he talked" (P.12). These tend to be their reasons for why the revolution caused so much destruction. On the other hand, Gitlin begins his introduction by describing his Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Y :: American America History Comparing the Books, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage The preface to Peter Collier and David Horowitz's Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties and the introduction to Todd Gitlin's The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage both try to explain the authors' reasons for writing their books. Both books, based on nostalgia, deal with the good and the bad which have come out of the sixties. However, while Collier and Horowitz describe the sixties more as a time of destruction, Gitlin places more emphasis on the spirited atmosphere which led to the destruction. This destruction they all refer to includes the diminished placement of trust in America, the rising problem of drugs, and the overall havoc created throughout the country. Therefore, the authors give two very different descriptions of the era of which they were all a part. Even in the beginnings of the works, the differences are very noticeable. Collier and Horowitz begin by trying to describe a "summary moment" (Collier and Horowitz 11) of the decade. This "moment" involves a revolutionary group known as the Black Panther Party. The authors seem to criticize this group by commenting on their appearances and their actions in certain events. For example, at a cocktail party, one Panther spit in the face of an army draftee because he brought a black friend from the army home while on leave. When the Panther returned to the party, the people present pretended not to notice that anything had happened. Later, when misunderstandings occurred between two guests at the party which resulted in one of them making a racial remark, anger was fueled in the group and among others who had heard about the event. Collier and Horowitz, when remarking on their reactions, emphasize that while in ordinary times the event would not have caused many problems, during the sixties, people considered it more of a sign that revolution was worthwhile. Perhaps the authors were suggesting that the revolution was created out of exaggerated problems or that those leading the revolution, such as the Black Panthers, did not quite understand why they were leading it. Collier and Horowitz seem imply this belief through the portrayal of the Panthers as uneducated when listening to Genet speak on their behalf: "The Panthers milled around in sullen incomprehension as he talked" (P.12). These tend to be their reasons for why the revolution caused so much destruction. On the other hand, Gitlin begins his introduction by describing his

Behavior Change Project

The goal of this course is to allow students to realize the value of leadership as it applies in the relevance of group interplay, community service, and styles available in literature. This then encourages the formulation of responsiveness in the ability to become effective in planning, setting goals, and promoting application in each setting accordingly. Such capacity can then build the necessary skills and expertise in handling specific tasks and address problematic situations in a given scenario. Action PlanTo achieve this process, specific activities and programs are to be implemented within the span of 16 weeks. Under each period, specific objectives and goals is highlighted according to the principle discussed. Here, it may entail the following activities (1) formalized instruction, (2) group activities, (3) immersion, (4) reaction papers, (5) reporting, (6) responding to specific scenarios, and (7) responses to threads. These different activities in turn shall be delegated ea ch week to determine the ability to relate corresponding principles involved in leadership towards real life applications.Alongside these, specific rubrics for grading and measurement of competency shall be elaborated to determine how students utilize the information gathered in their personal lives. Weekly Assessment: Part One – what is leadership? To determine how students grasp the concept of leadership, they are expected to provide their individual responses towards how they see it being applied in different realms. By allowing them to point out its relevance within their family, community, and school, it can help show their understanding of the term and relate it in their current environment.Weekly Assessment: Part Two – leadership styles Under this specific objective, students then need to answer the specific thread wherein they show their two most apparent leadership style and what they feel can best supplement their interests as a future professional in the wor kplace. Allowing this to occur can then give better means of responding to their capabilities and look forward on how they can achieve the necessary skills and principles for growth and development. Weekly Assessment: Part Three – leadership and planningHere, specific collaboration with the members of the class are necessary wherein they are required to submit their proposal for their immersion to a specific group/organization during weeks 9-12. These can then outline what each member plans to do and conduct preliminary research on how this endeavor can supplement their leadership capabilities individually. At the same time, they can be involved in seeking strategies that can reinforce their decision making skills accordingly. Weekly Assessment: Part Four – Setting Goals and ObjectivesAssessing individual competency in this approach requires both the submission of the group project related to immersion to a specific group/organization and that of a response paper that highlights the value of the readings. This can then justify important precepts related to identifying goals (group immersion). At the same time, it can also infuse better means of looking into the perspectives of students in their capacity to differentiate long term and short term goals. Weekly Assessment: Part Five – leadership and implementationIn measuring student capabilities and responsiveness to these issues, they are expected to submit their group proposals for approval and comments in what they plan to do give their goals and objectives in immersion. Here, they are also expected to partake in group activities wherein they are expected to contribute towards addressing specific scenarios and promote better means of applying and implementing leadership in each category. Likewise, students are also expected to point out new means of how implementation is necessary in a response paper over a specific reading.Weekly Assessment: Part Six – leadership and the school co mmunity The application of this principle corresponds to the identifying common trends and problems within the educational community and how leadership can help. To measure students’ comprehension over this topic, they are asked to engage in the threads and point out what measures can leadership provide over given issues. Similarly, they are also asked to take part in the instruction wherein recitation points are given towards identifying specific issues related to educational problems and then identifying what leadership strategy/style best fits into the category.Weekly Assessment: Part Seven– leadership and ethical issues To determine the ability of students to utilize information according to these dynamics, they are asked to provide specific information concerning ethics. Here, they will act as both raters and reporters to determine how much they understood specific ethical issues in different environments and how it relates to the process of leadership. After this , students are also expected to submit a reaction paper over what they had learned this week and how it applies to their perspective both as a leader and follower.Weekly Assessment: Part Eight – leadership and group dynamics Under this specific topic, students are then expected to submit specific responses in the group activity established and the constraints that hinder their ability to function effectively. At the same time, students also need to answer the thread wherein they shall be given specific scenarios and argue concerning the role and value of group dynamics in furthering leadership capabilities. Weekly Assessment: Part Nine – Immersion 1 This week, students are required to submit their responses in their different associations with a specific organization or group.Here, they first highlight the successes and challenges they had faced in the process. At the same time, they are also expected to point out what goals were they able to accomplish and what needs to be furthered accordingly. Weekly Assessment: Part Ten – Immersion 2 Another response paper shall be submitted this week alongside a proposal of an alternative plan based on the scenario and environment they are in. Here, they are expected to formulate what necessary means are essential to promote better means of handling specific issues.Similarly, their views concerning its relevance may also be asked for participants to consider in writing these plan and report. Weekly Assessment: Part Eleven – Immersion 3 The third week shall comprise of submitting a reflection paper whether or not specific changes have been made and if they were successful in addressing the problems and hurdles of the organization. At the same time, students are also expected to respond to the threads and share their experiences and how leadership was able to further their means to apply their specific objectives and goals.This can then help provide the final portfolio project due in part twelve of the course. Weekly Assessment: Part Twelve – Immersion 4 and Analysis This section deals with the creation of a portfolio to be submitted to the instructor wherein thoughts and inputs concerning their participation in the organization. Here, they are expected to provide feedbacks in their own leadership plan and how it complemented their specific goals and objectives. Moreover, there is also a need for students to reflect on the overall immersion and justify whether or not they had changed considerably during this process.Weekly Assessment: Part Thirteen – Leadership and Globalization This specific tenet requires student to address specific responses in the online thread to promote address ideas taught in class. Here, it tries to provide better means for incorporating principles of leadership as it relates to globalization and interdependence. Likewise, it also gives students the means to expand their understanding of leadership in both the individual and global per spective. Weekly Assessment: Part Fourteen – Leadership and My Chosen CareerGiven the different perspectives concerning leadership, students are now expected to utilize their understanding by submitting a research paper of what leadership can provide in their chosen career. Here, they need to point out specific responsibilities and roles in their profession. At the same time, they also need to explore areas on how it can be developed with their specific skill sets and experiences related to their field. Weekly Assessment: Part Fifteen – Overall Inputs in the CourseThe last part before the examinations would be for students to submit a paper reflecting their positive and negative experiences in the course. Here, they are expected to be truthful about their inputs and how it presents itself in particular activities and programs. Likewise, it also tries to address new means of identifying common goals related to their development and growth. By doing this, it can help edu cators realize if their short and long term goals are facilitated by these activities accordingly and whether or not they suffice in building appreciation among students.Conclusion The overall facilitation of this course corresponds to the ability of infusing leadership skills to students and allows each one to associate it with today’s current trends. By tackling different principles that addresses the personal, community, and professional leadership scenarios, students are given the opportunity to become responsive to these changes and promote means to address issues, hurdles, and challenges in each one.One success of this program is the ability to utilize leadership both in its relationship with associated disciplines and via specific environments. By allowing students to respond to each one using different activities and coursework, they are able to maintain a firm grasp and appreciation of the concepts related. This can then help utilize means to incorporate and maintain effectiveness in their ability to become responsive to these changes accordingly. At the same time, it also helps students bring about appropriate behavior and handling specific issues.By highlighting specific challenges related to practice, they are able to correlate theories and principles to that of actual scenarios that are happening. Such dynamics then infuses better means for collaborating and handling issues effectively and with ease. In addition, the process of undertaking programs via planning, goal-setting and application also remains crucial in determining leadership objectives as it relates to one’s personal objectives and goals in life.

History of insurance in Argentina Essay

In 1984, about 200 insurance companies were in operation in Argentina. Although various legal restrictions have been placed on foreign insurance companies, many retain offices. The Superintendent of Insurance of the nation regulates the insurance market, which is a branch of the Ministry of Economy. The Argentine insurance market is characterized by a relatively large number of insurers with no single organization dominating the industry. From 1994 to 1997, there was a reduction in the number of insurers as some closed operations or were liquidated. Observers believe that there will be further reductions in the number of insurance companies as consolidation of the industry and the quest for economies of scale and critical mass continues. In Argentina, insurance companies are not allowed to raise their prices without notifying their customers and explain why the raise in prices took place, nor are they allowed to renew policies without prior notification of the changes in the policy. If an insurance company does not comply with this regulation, one can take legal action against them by contacting the National Supervisory of Insurances (Advameg Inc, 2007). This paper will address the significant development of the Argentine life market of insurance, especially under the stable current conditions. Insurance Landscape in Argentina Types of insurances Apart from the obligatory social insurance, there are also a number of possibilities for obtaining private insurance to cover other eventualities. The most common insurances include: Life Insurance The need for a life insurance depends on age, and dependents. Life insurance foresees in a payment to the beneficiaries of the deceased one. This payment can take place at once, or as a partial interest bearing payment. The names of the beneficiaries are stated in the insurance policy. Insurance companies calculate the costs of your policy based on three factors. The first one is the mortality table that classifies people into groups and their rate of mortality. The higher the risk of the mortality group you belong to, the higher your cost of policy. Next is the interest rate. Insurance companies invest their money in stocks, bonds etc. The higher the interest rate of the investments, the lower the cost of the insurance. Last factor of influence on the price are the operating costs of the insurance company. Life insurance are classified according to duration where distinction is made between temporary (term) insurance and life-long insurance. Temporary insurance only covers the insured person for a time-span specified in the policy. Life long insurance provides covers until death. Secondly is premium which bring in a distinction between Fixed Premiums and Risk Premiums. Fixed premiums mean that the same amount of premium is paid during the insurance. Risk premiums rise in premium as the age of the insured person goes up. Thirdly is the persons being covered by the insurance. Lastly is the flexibility of payment of premiums where a distinction is made between traditional life insurances and savings life insurance. The traditional insurance demands that premiums are paid at set dates. With savings insurances the date and amount of premium payment are more flexible. Take into account that price is not the only criteria when choosing a company. The reputation and service the insurance company offers should also be considered importantly. Furthermore, the company should be registered so that assistance can be given in disputes between the insurance company and clients. When buying a life insurance, one ought to answer all questions on the policy form correctly which mainly refer to health issues before signing and submitting the forms.   This is mainly because if later it turns out any questions where not answered truthfully, the insurance company can decide not to pay.   Further important points when buying a life insurance include the start and end of the policy, the benefits that might be paid out and those that can become less after a certain age is reached, Clauses regarding age and payments, and the time the company takes to start the running time of the insurance. Car Insurance By law it is mandatory to have car insurance in Argentina. Car insurance in Argentina covers the driver and/or insured person and third parties from damages suffered from fire, theft and accidents. Premiums paid are calculated based on the brand and model of car, usage of the car , geographic location, marital status, sex and age. The peson buying the cover must keep in mind the start and end of coverage, how old a car is, and the value of the parts to be insured   especially if they are to be insured independently. Household Insurance The household insurance in Argentina covers the material as individuals in your household. Examples of what is covered by household insurance are damages due to fire, theft and burglary, water damages, civil responsibility, personal accidents, accidents of domestic employees. Wear and tear of property, damages due to war or natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornados is not covered. Choosing insurance Make sure before deciding with which company to buy an insurance, you know what the financial situation of the company is. Besides the price of the policy the service and reputation of the company should also be important factors to consider when deciding. If to buy directly with an insurance company or through an agent is also another factor. The Argentina Insurance Report provides independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Argentines insurance industry. It includes BMI’s Insurance Business Environment Rating (IBER), which brings together a number of pieces of relevant quantitative data, together with BMI’s Country Risk Rating (CRR). It is now much easier to consider the business environment for the insurance sector in any one country relative to the business environment for other industries in that country that are surveyed by BMI, and the business environment for the insurance sector in other countries. Argentina’s IBER is a moderately attractive insurance market for foreign insurers. Within the region, the Bahamas has the highest IBER ranking, with a very high score in the risks to realization of potential returns. The competitive landscape, in both the non-life and the life segment, is fragmented. Both segments are open to participation by foreign groups. It is likely that the landscape will change dramatically in the next few years, possibly after considerable consolidation. This means that there is opportunity for cross-border operations that currently have a relatively small presence to become major players in the market. We do not however, expect any completely new market entrants. Although there a strong growth forecasts for Argentina, these are not at the moment translating into high growth rates for the insurance market. (BMI, 2008). The competitive landscape, in both the non-life and the life segment, is fragmented. Both segments are open to participation by foreign groups. It is likely that the landscape will change dramatically in the next few years, possibly after considerable consolidation. This means that there is opportunity for cross-border operations that currently have a relatively small presence to become major players in the market. ` However, completely new market entrants are expected. Economic and political reform if reinvigorated provides positive flow-on effects for the insurance market. Increased transparency has been campaigned on as an issue. However, it remains to be seen if it will be implemented. Although there is a strong growth in Argentina, this is not at the moment translating into high growth rates for the insurance market. (Braga, 1996). SWOT Analysis for Insurance in Argentina (Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats) SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective.The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. Internal factors are the strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. External factors are the opportunities and threats presented by the external environment.The internal factors may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. The factors may include all key fields; as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. The results are often presented in the form of a matrix. The aim of the insurance company ought to be maxinizing the strengths and opportunities and minimizing the weaknesses and threats. (Business help, 2008) Opportunities and threats Opportunities SWOT Analysis influences the Opportunities for the insurance businesses and these can be seen as targets to achieve and exploit in the future for example: Being in a good financial position creates a good reputation for future growth, Skilled and experienced workforce means that they can be moved and trained into other areas and locations of the business, competitor going bankrupt therefore creating a takeover opportunity, availability of broadband technology plus the installed in the area which is useful for Internet use, Increased spending power in the Local/National economy, and moving the insurance services into a new market sector . (Business help, 2008) Threats The final part of the analysis will also be seen as the most feared: the Threats. It has to be done and therefore taking into account the weaknesses, the threats seem too clear. For examples: Large and increasing competition from other insurance companies, Rising cost of Wages, Possible relocation costs, Local authority refusing plans for future building expansion, Increasing interest rates by lenders therefore increases borrowing repayments, and lastly existing covers becoming unfashionable or unpopular. (Business help, 2008) Opportunities for a US Insurance companies. As consolidation of the insurance industries and the quest for economies of scale and critical mass continues companies can still find their ways to certain regions as long as they meet the requirements and laws. (Wray, 2008). Need to Resort to International Law Accordingly, a body of international law, not dependent on the law or interpretation of any one country, has developed as the standard for expropriation claims against a host government. In turn, most political risk insurance policies over the years have required that for there to be an expropriation, the government’s actions must be in violation of this standard of international law. Application of the traditional standard to regulatory takings has proven to be difficult. Because of the â€Å"public purpose† test, normal regulations or change of law is not a wrongful action under international law and therefore is not an insurable event under political risk insurance expropriation Coverage. On the other hand, it is easy to imagine a host government attempting to cloak a wrongful expropriation with the appearance of legitimate regulatory action. (Wray, 2008). The credit derivative market: During the past ten years, credit derivatives have become a basic tool for risk management in the banking sector for both corporate credit and country risk management. Since the mid-1990s, banks have increasingly used credit protection to diversify and reduce corporate and emerging market exposure inherent in their lending activities. Insurance companies have also participated (mostly in the non-emerging market arena) both as providers of protection (to capture higher returns and better spreads), and as buyers of protection (to manage their exposure and diversify their portfolios). Insurance companies buy insurance to transfer resources from good times to bad times.  They do this by pooling risks, e.g., motor vehicle insurance. If population is large and individual risks are independent then aggregate loss is predictable. This enables simple strategies for setting premiums as a mark-up over the expected aggregate loss. Practical considerations  include availability of data for insurance companies, which enables them to estimate the distribution of aggregate losses from their pool of risk. Low enough transactions costs (collecting data, writing policies, settling claims) are what are considered as policies, which make risks attractive. Catastrophe risks, e.g., floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes together with weather risks temperature and rainfall fluctuations are not attractive to many insurance companies. The Catastrophe risks are low-frequency high-severity risks unlike motor vehicle risks, which are high-frequency low-severity risks. Low frequency has probabilities of occurrence and damages are not precisely computed. There is need for a lot more data than when it is high frequency, Variance of loss is high, Premium setting is difficult, and Capital requirements to ensure solvency are large. Markets for Catastrophe Risk A large proportion is not insured or under-insured. Premiums can be high (as high as seven times the expected losses the actuarially fair level). Premiums can change drastically with an event suggesting that probabilities of extreme events is not well established and therefore revised with any new information.   Markets for catastrophe risk do not work very well. Conclusion Recent developments. Congressional legislation now allows insurance carriers and other financial institutions, such as banks and securities firms, to sell one another’s products. More insurance carriers now sell financial products such as securities, mutual funds, and various retirement plans. This approach is most common in life insurance companies that already sold annuities, but property and casualty companies also are increasingly selling a wider range of financial products. In order to expand into one another’s markets, insurance carriers, banks, and securities firms have engaged in numerous mergers, allowing the merging companies access to each other’s client base and geographical markets therefore Argentines can be covered by US insurance companies. This way many insurance companies are able to insure unattractive risks. Insurance carriers have discovered that the Internet can be a powerful tool for reaching potential and existing customers. Most carriers use the Internet simply to post company information, such as sales brochures and product information, financial statements, and a list of local agents. However, an increasing number of carriers are starting to expand their Web sites to enable customers to access online account and billing information, and some carriers even allow claims to be submitted online. Many carriers also provide insurance quotes online based on the information submitted by customers on their Internet sites. In fact, some carriers will allow customers to purchase policies through the Internet without ever speaking to a live agent. In addition to individual carrier-sponsored Internet sites, several â€Å"lead-generating† sites have emerged. These sites allow potential customers to input information about their insurance policy needs. For a fee, the sites forward customer information to a number of insurance companies, which review the information and, if they decide to take on the policy, contact the customer with an offer. This practice gives consumers the freedom to accept the best rate. If this does not make the insurance landscape manageable then it is on the collapse. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008). Work cited: Business Monitor International, (n.d.). Argentina insurance report. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.businessmonitor.com/insurance/argentina.html Business Monitoring International (BMI), (2008, March). Argentina insurance report, pages: 31. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/c89667 Michael Braga, Tempa Bay business Journal, (1996, 21st June). Bankers insurance group on EEC Argentina. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/1996/06/24/newscolumn1.html Business help, (2008). SWOT Analysis-Opportunities and threats Analysis. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.bizhelp24.com/marketing/swot-analysis—opportunities-and-threats.html Robert Wray. (2008, April). Political risk Insurance Newsletter. Connecticut Avenue, nw suite 350, Washington dc, Volume 4, Issue 1 Advameg Inc, (2007). Argentina forum. Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Career Guide to Industries, 2008-09 Edition, Accessed 16thMay 2008 from: http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs028.htm