Marketing Plan The Sketchers Shape Ups

Introduction The Sketchers Shape Ups is one of the products in the consumer packaged-goods industry. The industry has other good like Sketchers Sport, Sketchers Resistance, and many others. Initially, the industry sold products like the skate shoe and the utility-style boots. However, with time, the company diversified its products and started selling a variety of casual and sports wear for adults, as well as children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan: The Sketchers Shape Ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry works hard to maintain its fashionable and elegant brand image. Some of the strategies that the industry employs include celebrity-driven advertisements, which facilitate in reaching thousands of celebrities. This paper will focus on a promotion strategy for Sketchers Shape Ups product. Advertising and Promotion Plan The advertising and promotion plan will require the company to spe nd more than what its competitors will spend to enable it to gain a competitive advantage. Setting a high cost for advertising and promotion in the marketing plan, usually demonstrates how the company will deliver its unique selling propositions to its prospective customers. Advertising and promotion tools are key elements of the marketing mix. Therefore, the company requires making sure that it has the best advertising and promotion strategies for its products. This would enable it to compete with its competitors, as well as to gain a competitive advantage. A company can only compete well if it has enough money to use in advertising and promoting its products (Birdsall Johnston, 2010). A company ought to think in terms of, which media is the most effective in reaching the targeted markets. Once it identifies the appropriate media, the company requires computing the annual budget to facilitate in effective promotion. If the company wants to stand out from its competitors, it ought to look for an advertisement medium that would reach a large number of customers (Jedidi, Mela Gupta, 2007). Media Used and Why To make substantial sales, a company ought to communicate its products to a big number of people. This can only be achieved through selecting an advertisement medium that is accessible to many people. While organizations have numerous advertisement media to choose from, not all media are accessible by all consumers. Consequently, before deciding on the advertisement medium to use, an organization ought to have an accurate profile of its target customers. In this case, the company intends to use television as its advertisement medium. The main reason for using television as the advertisement medium is that it will facilitate to capture a vast target audience. Majority of the homesteads owns televisions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, using t elevision to advertise the Sketchers Shape Ups will give the company an opportunity to reach a wider consumer base. Apart from reaching a wider consumer base, television conveys messages in both audio and visual form (Jedidi, Mela Gupta, 2007). Therefore, through this medium, the company will be able to pass the information even to those consumers that do not know how to read. Advertising the product in both audio and visual format will also facilitate in information retention. Once people watch and hear an advertisement, it becomes hard for them to forget it quickly. Audiovisual communication facilitates in retention of the message. Therefore, the company opts to use television since it will facilitate in retention of the information, thus, making sure that consumers do not forget about the product. Promotions used The company chooses to use sales promotion. This choice was made since it helps the company to increase its sales volume within a short period. In this case, the compan y will apply sales promotion strategy such as the push up sales. This will facilitate in attracting and retaining new customers by issuing them with free samples and gifts. Sales promotion will ensure that consumers return to the company whenever they are in need of Sketchers Shape Ups. In spite of sales promotion being expensive, the promotion strategy facilitates in creating a good rapport between a company and its consumers. In response, the company benefits from return customers. Role of public relations to marketing plan Public relations play a significant role in providing the support required for implementation of the marketing plan (Birdsall Johnston, 2010). In this case, public relations will help in promoting and establishing the product. Public relations will also help in creating a favorable reputation for the company by publicizing news about events that take place in the company. Consumers like associating with companies that give back to the society. Hence, the publi c relations will facilitate in informing the community about the company’s corporate social responsibility as a way of trying to win its trust. Events and media choices for one calendar year The marketing plan will comprise of a detailed calendar of the promotion events for a whole year. The year will be divided into three segments January-April, May-August, and September-December.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan: The Sketchers Shape Ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To create customer awareness about the product, the company will carry out an aggressive advertisement and promotion program during the first segment. It will run daily advertisements on the television to make sure that consumers know about Sketchers Shape Ups. As consumers get to know about the product, the company will relax its advertisement program. Therefore, the second segment will entail running the advertisements thr ice per week. This will aid in keeping the clients aware of the product. Besides, it will target those consumers that might not have heard about the product. The last segment of the calendar year will involve running the television advertisement once per month. By this time, majority of the consumers will have known about the product. Besides the advertisement, the company will also conduct some promotion campaigns, especially during the first segment of the calendar year to recruit more consumers. With these events running throughout the year, the company is guaranteed that it will keep its target consumers aware of the product. Marketing vision and goals For an organization to succeed in marketing, it has to have both vision and goal for its marketing. They act as the guideline and reference point. The company refers to the vision and goals to determine if it is making positive progress. Therefore, to succeed in selling Sketchers Shape Ups, the company will require having strong m arketing vision and goals. The company’s vision will be to be the leading company in the sales of Sketchers Shape Ups. On the other hand, the marketing goal will be to sell 300 units of Sketchers Shape Ups per week for the first six months. Besides, the company will have a goal of adding value to the life of its target consumers. Through its marketing, the company will strive to ensure that consumers continue benefiting from Sketchers Shape Ups at all time. Product strategy and positioning statement To be able to achieve the mission and the set goals, the company will require having a captivating position stamen and superior product strategy. In this case, the company’s positioning statement will be as follows, We have what everyone wants, and at considerable prices. The products are unique and of high quality. They are supremely stylish, trendy and certainly the latest in the market. Those that purchase the products will be viewed as being at speed with fashion. The p rices are also considerable; one will get anything they want at an affordable price.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Celebrities wear the Sketchers Shape Ups. Consequently, one of the product strategies that the company will utilize is to make sure that it attributes the product to famous celebrities. This will make the target consumers perceive the product as being of high quality, therefore, purchasing it. Again, the company will sell products at affordable prices as a strategy to attract consumers and not scare them away with high prices. Customer snapshot The customer snapshot helps the business get an overview of the customers. In the plan, we will incorporate customer snapshot. The features that will be included in the snapshot are recent invoices and payments. This will show what the company has sold. Therefore, it will be of significance when evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing plan in the future. The snapshot will include a list of the items that are highly purchased so that the company can focus on these items when running its subsequent promotional campaigns. Competitive analy sis The Sketchers Shape Ups industry is competitive. Other many companies offer the same products. Majority of these companies relies on local consumers. Therefore, they do not run promotional campaigns or advertise their products. Consequently, this company will have an advantage since it will create consumer awareness through its promotions and advertisements. Besides, majority of the competitors sell their products at high prices, and they run out of stock frequently. To surmount this competition, the company will use strategies like consumer education on how to get the best from the product by using it appropriately. The existing competitors do not teach the consumers on how to use Sketchers Shape Ups. The company will regular replenish its inventory to make sure that its does not run out of the product. Consumers get frustrated whenever they visit a business only to learn that the product they want is out of stock. This discourages them from visiting the business in the future. Hence, the company will make sure that it has a regular supply of Sketchers Shape Ups to encourage the consumers to return to its store. Brand elements and differentiators The company’s name, logo, and design facilitate to differentiate its brand from the competitors. Marketers ought to establish unique brand features that can draw the attention of the target consumers (Steenkamp et al., 2005). To stand out from the competitors, the company will use the logo to differentiate its Sketchers Shape Ups from those of the rival companies. It will promote its products by using colorful logos. This will create an impression of brand quality in the minds of the target consumers, hence; help the company to make substantial sales. Colorful logos will also make consumers remember about the brand whenever they come across a color portrayed in the logo. References Birdsall, C. Johnston, N. (2010). Achieving brand-driven business success. Design Management Review, 19(2), 67-74. Jedidi, K. , Mela, C. Gupta, S. (2007). Managing advertising and promotion for long-run profitability. Marketing Science Winter, 18(1), 1-22. Steenkamp, J., Nijs, V., Hanssens, D. Dekimpe, M. (2005). Competitive reactions to advertising and promotion attacks. Marketing Science Winter, 24(1), 35-54. This essay on Marketing Plan: The Sketchers Shape Ups was written and submitted by user Gracelyn Barrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Prepare a Sample Essay on Switzerland

How to Prepare a Sample Essay on SwitzerlandA sample essay on Switzerland is very useful for foreign students. When abroad, the student will be surrounded by people who do not speak the same language as him. The most obvious difference is that the people from Europe speak French and German, while most of the people in Switzerland to speak English. To make life a little easier, the student can prepare his sample essay on Switzerland before he goes abroad.One of the best ways to look for the right topic for the sample essay on Switzerland is by asking the tutor or the instructor about it. There are a lot of topics on Switzerland, so you should get a copy of the seminar schedule or the schedule of the school in Switzerland. All this information can help you in finding the perfect topic for your sample essay on Switzerland.If you need a basic theme for your sample essay on Switzerland, then the topic should be about the history of Switzerland. You can start by telling the story of Swiss people, and their rise and the fall. Then, you can talk about the main sources of wealth in Switzerland, and the results of Swiss history.An essay on Switzerland can be written about anything that is related to Switzerland. Since the country is so big, it includes a lot of subjects, which include sports, finance, and tourism. So, in addition to a topic about Switzerland, you may need to write about something like Pinche Guell, the chateau of Marienbad, and the Alps.Most of the time, when a student gets samples in the course, he cannot write anything with them. There are two ways of dealing with this problem. First, you can start writing the sample essays on Switzerland by yourself.Second, you can ask your teacher to give you a sample essay on Switzerland, and then you can rewrite it with your own ideas. The problem with this solution is that students tend to write too much about themselves, rather than on Switzerland. You should try to write about the Swiss people and its history. T he rest will come in the end.In order to prepare your sample essay on Switzerland, you must know the important parts of Switzerland. As you know, Switzerland is very small, but there are several places to visit. You can go to Geneva, Lausanne, and Zurich. If you have enough time, you can also go to Zurich and Bern.

PAPER WRITING SERVICES

PAPER WRITING SERVICES Writing essays is a type of work that requires research, good writing skills, and proper essay structuring. All students are known to make common mistakes that can be easily avoided. Paper writing services on the other hand are able to ensure the top writing quality. We decided to enlist common mistakes students tend to make, so you can be aware of them and avoid them. The first and the most common mistake is failing in following instructions. The professors and teachers always provide clear instructions to what essay must be written about and following both the writing guidelines and deadlines are extremely important.   The second the most important mistake is failure to write the right kind of essay as every single essay type does serve completely different purposes. It is important to know the difference type between narrative and persuasive essays. Ignoring or choosing the wrong essay type is a failure. Third mistake is failing to take notes. This common mistakes leads to providing wrong type of essay both style and content. Fourth mistake is plagiarism issue as copying will not help you to get what you want meaning the good grades. Ordering essays from paper writing services will save you much time and effort, providing top quality paper. PAPER WRITING SERVICES When you get on line for a search of the paper writing service you can trust, you may get confused with the number of online writing service. There is no need to point out the importance of quality paper writing services that become really good help with your academic studies. We feel highly confident as our paper writing services have been on the web for quite a while. We receive paper writing requests all over the world and we are able to cover these requests with the help of our professional team of writers. It is also important to point out that our whole company is working towards your success. What does this mean? Being one of the best paper writing services, our company is determined to bring our clients the most positive results ever, and to make our customers 100% satisfied with the writing products and services they receive. Our professional team of writers consists of various professionals who have years of writing experience and are able to determine precisely what are the exact guidelines of the paper orders our clients give us. Another important part of our company’s job is delivering plagiarism free papers. For that reason, all completed papers go through automatic plagiarism checks. As you see doing all this massive work, we are completely worth that trust and our paper writing services are definitely worth trying.

The Generalist vs. The Specialist

The Generalist vs. The Specialist The Generalist vs. The Specialist The Generalist vs. The Specialist By Colin One of the biggest problems facing modern day freelance writers is whether to spread out and write on a variety of subjects, or whether to specialise in markets they are able to â€Å"expert† in. It’s a problem both for established writers as well as those starting out, because while it may be the route to job satisfaction for one writer, it may also be the road to a life of boredom for another. One thing for certain is that both generalising and specialising have equal pros and cons, which should all be considered before attempting to switch from one to the other. A lot of writers choose to begin their careers by marketing themselves generally, and then making the gradual move to working in more specialised fields, but it is not uncommon for specialist writers to go in the other direction so they can broaden their portfolio, or if they have explored every avenue, to seek out new areas in which they may wish to specialise. In this article we will explore further the benefits to writing in both fields in more detail. The General Writer Writing general articles across a broad spectrum of subjects is an excellent way for new freelancers to gain experience. It allows for never ending opportunities in the type of work taken on, and it means the writer can spread their wings and try new things without the fear of restriction. It also means they can ditch what doesn’t work in favour of what does if they feel it isnt working out. Once a few writing gigs have been successfully completed, a new writer’s portfolio can quickly grow, and when the chance for higher paying gigs or the option of specialisation present themselves, the writer will have a healthy clippings folder from which to choose from in order to boost their chance at bagging their next big gig. Generalisation means a writer is totally unrestricted to most kinds of work other than, of course, specialised fields, and it also affords the writer an extremely enjoyable way to make a living. Moving from subject to subject, researching new and topics, and exploring new ideas, means every day in the freelancer’s life will never be dull. It’s a marvelous way to meet new and interesting people, and to broaden one’s horizons. This of course can present its own problems when it comes to the time it takes to carry out this research and turn articles around, so be wary of taking on new subjects under tight deadlines. And finally, after working within the general field of freelance writing a writer will discover exactly what subjects turn them on, and what ones hold them back. It is an excellent way of discovering what areas may be considered if a move to specialisation is favoured. Experiences gained writing generally can often help the writer decide which areas to specialise in at a future date. The Specialist Writer Specialist freelance writing calls for a different kind of writer, either one who already is a specialist in a particular field, maybe after having come to writing from another industry, or for those writers who have exhausted themselves generally and now wish to narrow the markets in which they write. Freelance writers who specialise are often able to create a niche for themselves within a particular market, which although may sound restrictive, can have many benefits. Among these is the opportunity to class yourself as an expert, meaning people, and more importantly editors, will take you more seriously. If an editor takes you seriously as a talented writer who knows a particular topic inside out, he or she is going to be more inclined to keep using you as a source of articles – provided you meet their deadlines and publication requirements. This in turn means more work, and eventually, an ongoing relationship with an editor or publisher, which is something every freelance writer dreams of – a steady source of income. Establishing yourself as a guru and making a name for yourself also opens up many doors when it comes to self-publicity. A successful freelance specialist writer can use this background to market him or herself through other websites of a similar nature, thus cementing their reputation. As with general freelance writing, specialisation also means a writer has a never ending source of markets to choose from. Where your career lies will depend on what your specialist knowledge is, so it is important to choose those subjects in which you know best, and feel you could talk about for hours on end. Some writers refuse to specialise citing the lack of exposure to new markets as their main foible, but for those who do, there are as many who say that writing in a field they feel passionate about gives them the opportunity to be able to expand even further on their knowledge. And for any specialist writer, the questions that must first be asked are; what do you know well, where do your main interests lie, and can you write about these things on an on-going basis and keep it interesting? No matter how you choose to further your career in freelance writing one thing is always certain – it’s a fascinating and liberating way of life. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past"Latter," not "Ladder"Inspiring vs. Inspirational

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent Essay

Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity - Essay Example This essay "Main causes of UK childhood obesity and what can be done to prevent childhood obesity" outlines the reasons for obesity and its impact on the health of the person. In 2011, it was noted that 31% of boys and 28% of girls aged between 2 and 15 were either overweight or obese, with increase in waist circumference outstripping BMI measurement increases (Ahima 320). Statistics from the Health and Social Care Information Centre indicate moderate decrease in the proportion of overweight and obese children, the proportion having declined from 22.6% in 2011/12 Reception Year to 22.2% in 2012/13. Despite these improvements, the current 1 in every 5 Reception Year children (aged 4 to 5) and a third of Academic Year 6 children (aged 10 to 11) being obese has been noted to be among the worst cases in Europe (National Obesity Forum 8). Obesity is thus a critical public health issue in the UK that calls for understanding of the underlying problems in order to develop effective preventiv e strategies. Generally, childhood obesity results from eating too much and being involved less in physical activities. More specifically, the NHS observes that it results from a consumption of diets rich in energy, particularly from sugars and fats, with no burning of the energy through physical activity or exercise. As a result, surplus energy would be stored in the body as fat. To gain deeper understanding of these causes of obesity, the social model of health provided by Dahlgren and Whitehead would be useful (91).

What are Human Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What are Human Rights - Assignment Example All these documents led to the creation of all modern day human rights documents. Many of them have been converted to modern-day policies and human rights documents in varied segments of social, religious, economic and political sections (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2010). However, the impending issue to date is the problem of deprivation. These legal documents are meant to help the oppressed across different sections of the society to resort to means of emancipation. Despite its long history, the field of Human Rights needs to effectively perform to improve human lives. Human Rights were born after the World War II, with the formation of the United Nations (OHCHR, 2015). This led to focus on the individual consciousness as a part of inherent ability to be purportedly universal or self-evident in existence, international legalization and endowments. One of its most important expressions relevant in the present century is the debate and success of human rights as a legal prima for legitimate involvement and ensuring that everyone’s rights are protected (Twiss, 2004). The generation-wise classification was introduced in Karel Vasak in the year 1977. The civil-political (First-generation) human rights pertain to norms related to physical and civil security and civil-political liberties or empowerments (for example, laws relating to slavery, freedom of thought, religion etc). The second category relates to the socio-economic (Second-generation) human rights that again include two subtypes, such as, norms related to the provision of goods for meeting social needs and those  pertaining to meeting the economic needs (for example, laws relating to nutrition, shelter, health-care).  The (Third Generation) collective-developmental human rights include two subtypes, i.e., self-determination of peoples for securing economic, social, and cultural development and some other special rights of ethnic and religious minorities that entitles them to freely practice their own cultures, language, and religion.

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay The outbreaks of the late 20th century were especially notable in light of the Western assumption that less developed countries would naturally secularize their politics and culture as they modernized their society and economy. Instead, rapidly developing Iran succumbed in 11 February 1979 to a religious revolution led by Imam Khomeini. Soon after, an interim government in Tehran gave way to a political form of government in early 1980 that made so many changes in its policies, the most important one was to practice the idea of Islamic Republic in which the government was to wed with religion of Shiite Islam indissolubly. However, there exist different and even contending conceptions as to what form actually it is. Some argue that the form of Islamic Republic is just a theocracy  [1]  and some others has recognized the constitutional theocratic character of the regime.  [2]  Some argue that theocracy as the kingdom of God on earth has not fully realized yet and thus prior to this full realization, theocracy can coexist with any transitory system of human government. This coexisted or combined form of government is an ecclesiocracy that seek to give the human religious hierarchy absolute control over the political power of a state.  [3]  Whereas to another one, theocracy can occur in any society where a powerful religious group or combination of religious groups has/have the decisive voice in a ruling political or judicial system.  [4]   On the contrary, some believe that the Islamic Republic is just one kind among so many democracies  [5]  or one of the most democratic states.  [6]  Even the US officials who used to oppose the new Islamic Regime in the past 23 years, now insist that there are some democratic characteristics found in there.  [7]  There are also others who observe it as a totalitarian tyranny, an absolutist autocracy, oligarchy or even all clerical oligarchy and call Islamic Republic a clerical regime.  [8]   What I am going to argue here is that on the path of human development towards perfection and human felicity throughout human society, the Islamic Republic in Iran has brought a kind of mixed or combined form of government that includes the best characteristics of various forms prescribed by the Islamic principles and norms and the current practices that may ensure the active and broad participation of all segments of society in the process of social development, as explicitly mentioned in its Constitutional Law. Forms of Governments Most of the key words commonly used to describe forms of governments, such as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, are of Greek or Roman origin. The central question of politics in all these was always the same: the distribution of power among the citizens so that freedom and happiness is best preserved and defined. Plato believed that the object of politics was virtue, and that only a few would ever thoroughly understand the science, which believed to contemplate all truth and all existence by which virtue could be attained and only these trained few, then, should rule. To his view the best was the form in which kings are philosophers or philosophers are kings which could be either monarchy or aristocracy but the fundamental laws of the State will be maintained. To this perfect ideal of just and good succeeds different forms of oligarchy, democracy, tyranny after which Plato added some other intermediate forms of government but all these are nondescripts and may be found equally amon g Hellenes and among barbarians.  [9]   But his pupil, Aristotle, gave another classification of the forms of government. To him the government which is the supreme authority in states could be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many and based on the purpose of a state, it may seek either the common interest or the private interest. Accordingly there would be three (not one) true forms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ kingship or royalty, aristocracy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a constitution and three perversions that are tyranny à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ oligarchy, [or] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ democracy.  [10]  In analyzing various forms of governments of the time, Aristotle, however, came to this notion that the whole system of government tends to be neither democracy nor oligarchy, but something in a mean between them.  [11]   This combination form of government could be seen in the new monarchy of Macedon arose and mounted in the battle against Sparta and Athens (338 BC) and also in Rome that emerged as the strongest state in the Mediterranean after the victory of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC). The Greek historian Polybius, who chronicled Romes rise, suggested that its constitution was such a success because it was a judicious blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The Romans, a conservative, practical people, showed what they thought of such abstractions by speaking only of an unanalyzed public thingres publicaand thus gave a new word to politics. From then onward various combined or blend forms governments were set up every where in the world. Justinian, the greatest of the eastern Roman emperors, in the 6th century, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 800, and later centuries the dynasties of Hohenstaufen and Habsburg so, as late as the 19th century, did Napoleon Bonaparte tried to restore the empire though none were succeeded. In the 7th century the Arab Muslims defeated the first of the two great powers of the time and conquered quite many parts of the second in North Africa and Spain. Beside to the strong monarchies that gradually developed almost everywhere in the world, various institutions and social classes were to fill the gap too. The church and the mosque, against enormous odds, had kept the light of religion and learning alive and spread what was left of Roman and Islamic civilization into modern city-states. Military aristocracy called nobiles in the Roman fashion and appropriated various late imperial titles suc h as comes (count), dux (duke) and khans have also effective powers. This dynamism in European society and elsewhere in the world prevented it from setting permanently into this or any other form and pattern even in the most characteristic governmental form of the modern world, the nation-state. The application of the principle of parliamentary representation together with the concepts of divine, natural, and customary law as a restraint on the exercise of power besides some other fundamental occurrences of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America and the American and French revolutions caused a new form of government known as modern democracy which is quite different from that of old Greek. The modern democracy repudiated the divine right of kings, the ascendancy of the nobility and the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. Equality before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regimes and judicial procedures were insisted upon to prevent abuses by the king or his administration. By destroying the monarchy, a republic was set up and its centuries-old labours were crowned. Now in the name of rationality, liberty, and equality (fraternity is not a foremost concern anymore), the nation makes the que st its own. Free election of government bodies under (eventual) universal suffrage, competition for office through organized and permanent parties, freedom of speech and the press, and the rule of law together with greater influence for the working classes, women and foreigners are common in all three basic senses of a form of government either as direct, representative or constitutional (liberal) democracy. Theocracy, too, derived from two Greek words meaning rule by the deity, was the name given to political regimes that claim to represent the Divine on earth both directly and immediately. Most governments throughout history and across cultures have claimed to be following their gods designs or to be legitimated by a divine mandate. The kings in a number of ancient civilizations had been worshipped as gods on earth so, by definition, the king could not be wrong and in a number of others the Gods prophets or theologically trained elites were the rulers on behalf of Him and rule by divine right. As the holly books, archaeologists, and historians show, the ancient Hebrews, Tibetans, and Egyptians lived in theocracies for some of their history. Theocracies are also found within the three great heavenly faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Some examples are Jesus message of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, and not anyone else  [12]  or the fulfilment on Earth of Gods will as the central theme of Jesus teaching, and his expressly rejection of any collaboration with the Roman emperor,  [13]  the community established by the prophet Muhammad in Medina in 622, and ruled by him until his passing away in 632,  [14]  the Papal States under various popes whose purpose was to manage worldwide Catholicism, fundamentalism as seen within modern Judaism of Gush Emunim and the Haredim  [15]  , within Christianity of Jehovahs Witnesses, within Protestant Christians of Evangelicals and some political action groups,  [16]  within Hin du nationalists in India, Sikh radicals in Punjab, and Buddhist militants in Sri Lanka, within Sunni Muslims in the political activities of Muslim Brotherhood. The more important one within Shiite Islam is the Islamic Republic of Iran, during which a Shiite teaching retrieved and developed into a politically useful doctrine: the Rule of the Jurist. Religious Democracy The form of government in revolutionary Iran is neither a sole theocracy in which people have no say in their political destiny nor a sole democracy in which peoples vote can change every thing from the bottom to the top of the political hierarchy whenever they wish. Rather, as the official name of the Islamic Republic illustrates, it is a combination of all forms of government previously known especially both these two particular forms: theocracy and democracy and in some parts quite different from both sole of them, if one can find or even imagine. The characteristic of this combined form of government and the major building block of the Islamic regime in Iran, as explicitly stated in several articles of the Constitution and the spirit surrounding it, is based on two pillars. One pillar is that of inspired by Imam Khomeinis notion of the Absolute Rule of the Jurist (Velayat-e Motlaqeh-e Faqih) by which the leading cleric has no limitation over society and politics and he is the one last position that can make the decisions to the benefit of all citizens. He is elected by the whole people in an uprising like what happened in February 1979 that led to the leadership of Imam Khomeini or by the Assembly of Experts (the representatives of people mostly clerics) through a popular suffrage of both sexes of 15 years and more like what happened in the nomination of Ayatollah Khamenei in June 1989. The ruling jurist is just one nominee among so many other theologians and according to Shiite tradition, and is identified as the successor o f the 12th Imam. The latter kind of election is similar to the election of the US president by the Electoral College. Standing at the top of the political hierarchy as the Supreme Leader and equal with others against the law, the ruling jurist supervises the three branches of the government. The regular armed forces, the Islamic Guards Corps, the police, and the radio and television network are under his command and he determines the direction of foreign policy and any other whole compassing or general policy. He appoints the Supreme Judges, has the power to dismiss the elected President, and selects the six jurists of the twelve-member Council of Guardians. The second pillar is the democratic institutions that have been well incorporated in the Constitution. Under section The Form of Government in Islam, the preamble of the Constitution reads that the government does not derive from the interests of a class, nor does it serve the domination of an individual or a group. It expressly asserts that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ represents the fulfillment of the political ideal of a people who bear a common faith and common outlook, taking an organized form in order to initiate the process of intellectual and ideological evolution towards the final goal, i.e., movement towards Allah [God]. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Constitution guarantees the rejection of all forms of intellectual and social tyranny and economic monopoly, and aims at entrusting the destinies of the people to the people themselves in order to break completely with the system of oppression. (This is in accordance with the Quranic verse He removes from them their burdens of the fetters that were upon them.  [17]   The Constitution devotes Chapter 5 including six articles to the Right of National Sovereignty and the Powers Deriving there from and explains the fact that the Iranian people have a lot say in the management of their country and how every one of them is the master of his own social destiny. The National Sovereignty is considered a divine right dedicated from Absolute sovereignty of God over the world and man and should never been deprived or subordinated to the vested interests of a particular individual or group. (Article 56) Separation of Powers into three independent ones of legislature, judiciary, and executive functioning under the supervision of the absolute religious Leader and the Leadership of the Ummah, in accordance with the forthcoming articles of this Constitution has been accepted in Article 57. Direct recourse to popular vote through a referendum, as a function of the legislature, is also anticipated by Article 59 for cases of extremely important economic, political, social, and cultural matters. The Islamic Consultative Assembly, as national assembly, is constituted by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret ballot (Article 62) and has the power to establish laws on all matters (Article 71) and has the right to investigate and examine all the affairs of the country (Article 76) including a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers (Articles 87-88) and can interpellate the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister or even the President. (Article 89) In this way not only the national executive power, but all local governments of provinces, cities, divisions, villages and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils (Article 103) elected by the people of the locality in question. (Article 100) Democratic concepts such as equality before the law, rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of belief, conscience, association, assembly and the press, secrecy of communication, recourse to the courts, respect for minority and womens rights, economic development, and social justice are all explicitly expressed in Chapter 3 (Articles 19-43) of the Constitution and several guarantees have been given to succeed. The judiciary as an independent power and the protector of the rights of the individual and society is one of these important guarantees. Concerning status and duties of the Judiciary, Article 156 reads such: The judiciary is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ investigating and passing judgement on grievances, violations of rights, and complaints; the resolution of litigation; the settling of disputes; and the taking of all necessary decisions and measures in probate matters as the law may determine; restoring public rights and promoting justice and legitimate freedoms; supervising the proper enforcement of laws; uncovering crimes; prosecuting, punishing, and chastising criminals; and enacting the penalties and provisions of the Islamic penal code; and taking suitable measures to prevent the occurrence of crime and to reform criminals. The concept of Velayat-e Amr va Imamat-e Mostamir (rule by the leader and the perpetual leadership), according to the preamble of the Constitution is another such guarantees of those democratic rights in which an all qualified and trustworthy jurist, recognized as leader by the people, is to prevent any deviation by the various organs of State from their essential Islamic duties. Article 107 too asserts that the Jurist is an elected one either by recognition and acceptance as marji and Leader by a decisive majority of the people as happened for Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or by the Assembly of Experts which is also elected by the people. The Experts are to review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha (jurists) possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 namely scholarship à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in different fields of  fiqh, Justice and piety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, admini strative facilities and adequate capability for leadership. (Article 109) The Article adds that in case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the better jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference. It is true that the Supreme Religious Leader is at the top of the government hierarchy and can make final decisions of general policies but it is only if in accordance with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ articles of this Constitution (Article 57) and after consultation with the Nations Exigency Council that consists of the heads of the three branches and some other relative cabinet and Parliament members, all Council of Guardians members, and a few more experts (Article 112) to which some heads of different parties and political fractions are added in action. When the revision of the Constitution comes, as Article 177 expresses, some contents are unalterable among them the Islamic character of the political system; the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria and the religious footing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the democratic character of the government; the Velayat-e Amr the Imamate of Ummah; and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda. In so doing, the government in Iran is quite different from dictatorship or tyranny in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The religious democracy is thus a form of government which links religion and peoples beliefs to their will and wishes. There seems no conflict in its dual legitimacy of the Islamic Republic or any juxtaposition between popular sovereignty of the president or parliament and supervision of the ruling jurist. The letter of the constitution asserts on the equality of the two pillars in order to get the goal which is virtue, happiness and as a whole the movement toward God Almighty. In theory too, as Poul Weber has noted, there is no reason why a theocracy and a democratic form of government are incompatiblevox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God),  [18]  a combination that seems possible and rational for Peter Schmid to conclude that because Islam is compatible with both secularism and democracy, a religious democracy is in Irans future.  [19]  According to Soroushs theory of Contraction and Expansion of Religious Interpretation too, secularism and democracy not only do not threaten religion but also they merely help to increase the understanding of religion and all are complementary, for the religious understanding is merely a variety of human understanding.  [20]  Soroush continues in an interview that: There is no single God-given shape for Islamic government The system of Velayat-e Faqih, introduced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is an anachronism Though religion itself is sacred, its interpretation is not sacred and therefore it is criticizable, modifiable, refinable, and redefinable.  [21]   One may ask why a sole theocracy or a sole democracy is not favourable or even desirable among the majority of Iranian Muslims and why we need such a combination. The answer is that theocracy as an absolute sovereignty of God to the will of man and the state is far from our hands because we are sometimes unable to understand the true Gods will and commandment. Such understanding and knowledge requires long preparation, several degrees of training, and education People are not able to comprehend Gods will through the explanations contained in the Quran and the Sunna. Acquiring such comprehension requires several years of studies and much effort.  [22]  And in some other times we are unwilling to surrender to His will and law, and to implement His orders in our daily life for virtue need much much effort, deprivation, and abnegation.  [23]   Furthermore when they do gain power, theocracies tend to be short lived for a number of reasons, some internal to the regime and others external to it. Internally, clerics trained in religious dogma and jurisprudence, are rarely skilled in political, economic and other social matters and have difficulty maintaining a complex modern society. When corruption occurs among government officials, ensuing scandals undermine religion as well as politics if those officials are also clerics. Resentment grows among the nonclerical populace when religious laws seem arbitrary or excessively strict and are enforced through civil power. Religious taxes, imposed on top of other taxes, especially in times of economic hardship, cause added resentment. Finally, clerics who presume to speak in the name of the Divinity have difficulty engaging in normal compromises so essential for political effectiveness. Such compromises may even seem to them to be immoral or sinful. Finally, in states controlled by on e or no party, which theocracies tend to be, police are often tempted to resort to brutality and other harsh measures that undermine the legitimacy of the regime. Externally, rulers in other nations often fear the exportation of religious dogma backed by political power and move to isolate a theocratic regime. And because secular cultures from outside can exert a constant seductive influence on young people through music, arts, clothes, and movies, and infuse them with political ideas of freedom, democracy, and equality, a theocratic regime is inclined to limit contact with the outside world. Such actions increase isolation of the country but often lead to a fascination with the outside and an underground opposition to the regime. Such conditions are not conducive to longevity, and theocracies rarely outlive their founding generation. The sole democracy is not the best form of government either. That is why you see different types of democratic governments in the world. Even Great Britain and the United States, nations with relatively similar cultures, politics, and economies, have developed significantly different forms of democracy. Besides, many governments today (around 140 out of 191 states) in the most parts of the world claim to be democratic in the ascendant. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the communist nations of the 20th century, had also adopted outwardly democratic governments that nonetheless were dominated by a single authorized party with no opposition. States with Marxist ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the means of production (i.e., economic democracy) were sufficient to ensure that the will of the people would be carried out. Moreover, there are some elements still threatening the existence of this democracy: class conflicts muted rather than resolved, nationalism still distorted voters judgments in matters of foreign policy, demagogues abounded as much as they ever did in ancient Athens, and many politicians were corrupt. Furthermore democracy places high value on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. This characteristic as Alexis de Tocqueville described is a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be concerned only with their own small circle of family and friends. Conclusion It is right that in some cases (such as Egyptian nationalism, Taliban imposition of sharia in Afghanistan and Saddam Husseins holy war in 1991 and 2003) we may find some unclear forms of government which claimed to establish a true theocratic or democratic form of government but failed to do so, or some tried to use religious rhetoric, symbolism, and values for nationalistic purposes, or religious ideals may be used to win popular support for liberation from foreign domination, from an autocratic ruling elite or to encourage economic renewal, but one can surely find some historical and contemporary examples to support a true combination of different forms of government as the Islamic Republic in Iran was a combination of such ideals and facts. This form of Iranian government is neither a sole theocracy or ecclesiocracy nor an oligarchy either clerical or financial or military, nor a sole democracy of its any kinds but a political order between them all: the head of the state elected indirectly on a universal suffrage is not a philosopher who claims to know the truth from the false out of any way he can, but he should be a Islamist jurist prudent that obliges himself to explore the Shiite cannon law and seek to find the truth out of sharia and should think and function in the interest of the whole people not himself or any particular fraction. As the people try to elect the best as their rulers, the aristocratic element is also present in this regime. There are lots of legal conditions and qualifications for peoples representatives and heads of governmental departments that only part of the well educated and qualified bureaucrats can hold the official positions. For these reasons, aristocracy, in a more objective sense, mea ns the upper layer of a stratified group. Thus, the upper ranks of the government form both legally and factually- the political aristocracy of the state. The principles of the constitution distribute the powers and make the government and its rulers constitutional and obliged to uphold the Constitution. This form is thus quite different from any given sole form of government. Additional References Web Sites Home http://www.God.com http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.html http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00t___.html http://www.religioustolerance.org http://www.rulers.org/ http://www.secularislam.org http://www.usinfo.state.gov http://www.watchtower.org http://www/dictionary.com/religion Books Dahl Robert A., Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963) Kepel, Gilles. The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994) Levine Andrew, Liberal Democracy: A Critique of Its Theory, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) Sisk Timothy D., Islam and Democracy (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1992) Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israels Radical Right, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) Tocqueville Alexis de, Democracy in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1996) Weiler Gershon, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden: Brill, 1988) Wright Robin, The Last Great Revolution, (New York: Vintage Books, 2001) Articles Cooper Julie E., Is There a Jewish Political Tradition? (Book Review), Tikkun, July, 2001 >http://www.findarticles.com Dawson Lorne L., Anti-modernism, modernism, and postmodernism: struggling with the cultural significance of new religious movements, Sociology of Religion, Summer, 1998 >http://www.findarticles.com Mohit Morteza, Background to the Parliamentary Elections in Iran, Monthly Review, March, 2001 >http://www.findarticles.com